Phototherapy began in ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians treated some skin diseases with herbs and sunlight. They applied natural photosensitizers such as psoralens (extracted from particular plants such as Parsley and Stjohn's-wort) for treatment of leprosy lesions 1, 2). Osar Raab, a medical student who worked in Munich was the first one to notice that dyes like acrydine along with light can kill paramecia. He discovered that the incubation of paramecium with acridine and consequent exposure to light potentially kills paramecium. However, the mere application of acridine without light exposure was not effective 3). In following years, Von Tappeiner coined the term "photodynamic action" and attested that the presence of oxygen is essential in photodynamic action. The first PDT was performed on a patient with skin carcinoma. It was carried out by T. Appaeiner and H. Jesionek in 1904. They used Eosin as PS along with white light. In recent years, more advances have been made in anticancer photodynamic therapy and different PSs are discovered 1, 2, 4, 5). Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) was first introduced in 1960. Macmillan used toluidine blue against microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeast. It was observed that 99% of bacteria were killed within 30 min of irradiation with 21-30 mW of light at 632 nm from

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Background Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency that classically occurs following cancer therapy, although spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome can also occur in malignancies, albeit rarely. Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome has previously been reported in some hematologic malignancies, but it rarely happens in solid tumors and seems to be associated with a higher mortality rate. This is the first case of adrenal adenocarcinoma that developed spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Case presentation We present a rare case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome occurring in a patient previously diagnosed with adrenal adenocarcinoma. The patient was a 64-year-old Persian man with abdominal pain, hypersomnia, and fatigue who was previously diagnosed with right adrenocortical carcinoma and had undergone right adrenalectomy with regional lymph nodes resection 5 months previously. On physical examination, the patient had abdominal distension and mild tenderness at the right upper quadrant. Pitting edema was detected bilaterally in the lower extremities. Initial imaging revealed multiple and large lesions suggestive of liver metastases. The laboratory data showed hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated serum creatinine level indicative of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in the patient. Despite immediate and intensive care with antibiotics, hydration, treatment with a hypouricemic agent, and renal replacement therapy, the patient ultimately died from multiorgan failure. Conclusions Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors has high mortality. Patients susceptible to spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome must receive aggressive treatment immediately, which is crucial for preventing morbidity and mortality. Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome may be underdiagnosed, and a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to make the diagnosis and proceed with required interventions. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of this rare phenomenon.

The serious drawbacks of the conventional treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) such as nonspecific toxicity and high resistance to chemo and radiation therapy, have prompted the development and application of countless small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐based therapeutics. Recent advances in drug delivery systems hold great promise for improving siRNA‐based therapeutics and developing a new class of drugs, known as nano‐siRNA drugs. However, many fundamental questions, regarding toxicity, immunostimulation, and poor knowledge of nano‐bio interactions, need to be addressed before clinical translation. In this review, we provide recent achievements in the design and development of various nonviral delivery vehicles for pancreatic cancer therapy. More importantly, codelivery of conventional anticancer drugs with siRNA as a new revolutionary pancreatic cancer combinational therapy is completely discussed.

L-carnitine consumption does not reduce serum leptin significantly. However, a significant effect on leptin was observed in diabetic patients and patients who received doses more than 3 mg per day in the course of <12 weeks.