BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common type of diabetes.The number of patients with this disease is expected torise in future. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes, there is an urgent need for the treatment of diabetes and the associated complications. Glycemic control largely depends on compliance with medication therapies. In fact, the most common problem in patients with diabetes is lack of medication compliance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between affectivetemperaments and medication compliance in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn this cross-sectional research, the study population consisted of all patients referring to the endocrinology clinic of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital of Tehran in 2010 and 2011. Two hundreds and seven patients were selected, using available sampling method. In this study, we used Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto questionnaire (TEMPS-A), a single-item scale of medication compliance, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess the patients’ demographic information. All participants completed the questionnaires related to affective temperaments, medication compliance, depression and demographic information. The obtained data were recorded on the prepared sheets.ResultsOf 207 patients, 79 (38.2%) and 128 (61.8%) subjects were male and female, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of demographic data were calculated. In total, 13.5%, 19.3%, and 8.2%of the participants had mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. In this study, as the single-item rating scale indicated, medication compliance and non-compliance were reported in 75.4% and 24.6% of the patients, respectively. Among the demographic characteristics and clinical variables, frequency of patient referral and glycated hemoglobin level were predictors of medication compliance. Also, among affective temperaments, irritable temperament was a predictor of medication compliance.ConclusionsThe obtained findings emphasize the importance of psychological factors such as personality characteristics in medication compliance of patients with diabetes. In case a patient obtains high scores in irritable temperament (which indicate poor medication compliance), he/she should follow special training programs to improve his/her medication compliance.

Background: Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. It is recognized as one of the most common neurological diseases affecting different age groups. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the causes of secondary epilepsy in patients with epilepsy at Mashhad hospitals in 2011 -2012. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, 300 participants were selected via available sampling from patients with epilepsy referred to hospitals affiliated to Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on the criteria of the International League Against Epilepsy. Patients' demographic and medical profile questionnaires were completed, using clinical examinations, electroencephalography (EEG) and brain imaging. Results: In this study, 54% and 46% of participants were male and female, respectively (mean age = 31.5 ± 15.3 years). Head trauma was the most common cause of secondary epilepsy, observed in 26% of patients. Brain tumor (9.7%), stroke (9.3%), brain infection (8.3%), metabolic disease (3.3%) and birth trauma or congenital anomalies (2.3%) were other causes. Findings of the last performed EEG were normal and abnormal in 49% and 51% of participants, respectively. Moreover, results of brain imaging were normal in 85.3% and abnormal in 14.7% of subjects. Conclusions: This study evaluated the causes of secondary epilepsy. Our findings showed that 45.3% of the subjects had secondary epilepsy. Some patients presented with multiple conditions and there was more than one cause of secondary epilepsy in these cases. This study showed that the average age of patients with previous history of stroke was higher than that of other participants. However, previous history of stroke and head trauma mostly observed in males.

Background:Myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart condition caused by the suspension of blood circulation in a part of the myocardium. There are different risk factors contributing to a heart attack. Some believe that endorphins and endogenous opioids play an important role in causing MIs.Objectives:This study intended to determine the relationship between opium dependency and mortality rate among patients with MI.Patients and Methods:This retrospective study investigated patients who had MI for the first time and were hospitalized in the coronary care unit (CCU) of Khatamolanbia hospital in Zahedan, Iran, from 2007 to 2010. These patients were either opium dependent or not. Four hundred patients were selected. The patients’ possibilities of death and re-hospitalization after the first MI were confirmed over the phone. Data was analyzed through t-test and chi-squared test.Results:Of all the patients, 19.5% were opium-dependent. The mortality rate in the non-opium-dependent group was 5.9%, while in the dependent group this rate was 11.5% (P = 0.072). The number of re-hospitalizations due to heart problems was higher in the opium-dependent patients (P < 0.001).Conclusions:There was no meaningful relationship between the mortality rate of patients with MI who were either opium-dependent or non-opium-dependent. The number of re-hospitalizations due to heart problems was meaningfully higher in the opium-dependent patients; hence, educating people and training them on the destructive effects of opium, specifically in patients with heart conditions is highly recommended.

Introduction: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious condition and lack of medication adherence is one of the most common problems in the treatment of patients with CHF. This study aimed to determine the relationship between medication adherence and affective temperaments in patients with CHF. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 150 patients, who were referred to the cardio

Aim:The study aimed to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among postpartum women in Zahedan city, Iran. Method: Data in this cross-sectional study were gathered from healthcare centres of Zahedan, a city in south-east Iran. Four-hundred women with childbirth experience over the past few months were selected; between 6 and 24 weeks had passed since their delivery. We used three questionnaires in order to evaluate the demographic data, PTSD symptoms and traumatic childbirth experience. Results: The mean parity was 3.40±2.55 children and the mean duration of pain was 19.44±9.16 hours. Overall, 7.8%, 36% and 0.5% of the subjects had a previous history of curettage, episiotomy and vacuum evacuation, respectively. In total, 32% of the participants showed PTSD symptoms. Prevalence of PTSD was not significantly associated with parity, pain duration, education level or employment status. Significant correlation with PTSD was found with the mode of delivery (P=0.013), curettage (P=0.005) and length of hospitalization. Also, prevalence of PTSD was substantially associated with the type of pregnancy (planned or unintended) (P=0.011). Conclusion: Women with PTSD were not significantly different from those without PTSD in terms of parity, pain duration, education level or employment status. History of curettage, episiotomy and vacuum evacuation increased the incidence of PTSD in postpartum women. Moreover, unwanted pregnancy was more common among women with PTSD compared with normal subjects and length of hospitalization was longer. post-traumatic stress disorder / postpartum stress disorder / normal vaginal deliveryPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental condition. This anxiety disorder occurs following exposure to an extremely traumatic, terrifying or tragic event and is common among soldiers and veterans returning from war [1]. People with PTSD remember horrible memories and harbour persistent frightening thoughts. PTSD can result from various traumatic incidents including natural disasters, serious accidents, and violent attacks such as rape and mass destruction. Most people with PTSD have repeated traumatic recollections during the day and experience insomnia or nightmares at night. They respond to traumatic experiences with fear and develop high levels of anxiety. People with PTSD may feel more irritable, aggressive, violent or easily startled than they did in the past. In ad-