In recent decades, wireless power transfer (WPT) has gained significant interest from both academic and industrial experts. It possesses natural electrical isolation between transmitter and receiver components, ensuring a secure charging mechanism in an underwater scenario. This ground-breaking technology has also enabled power transmission in the deep-sea environment. However, the stochastic nature of the ocean highly influences underwater wireless power transmission and transfer efficiency is not up to that of terrestrial WPT systems. Recently, the research fraternity has focused on WPT in the air medium, while underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) is challenging and yet to be explored. The major concerns are ocean current disturbance, bio-fouling, extreme pressure and temperature, seawater conductivity and attenuation. Thus, it is essential to address these challenges, which cause a substantial energy loss in UWPT. This study presents a comparison between various WPT techniques and highlights the research contributions in UWPT in recent years. Research and engineering challenges, practical considerations, and applications are analyzed in this review. We have also addressed influencing factors such as coil orientation, coil misalignment and seawater effects in order to realize an efficient and flexible UWPT system. In addition, this study proposes multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) wireless power transmission, which can significantly improve the endurance of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVS). This idea can be applied to the design of an underwater wireless power station for self-charging of AUVs.
In 2030, 6G is going to bring remarkable revolution in communication technologies as it will enable Internet of Everything. Still many countries are working over 5G and B5G has yet to be developed, while some research groups have already initiated projects on 6G. 6G will provide high and sophisticated QoS e.g. virtual reality and holographic communication. At this stage, it is impossible to speculate every detail of 6G and which key technologies will mark 6G. The wide applications of ICT, such as IoT, AI, blockchain technology, XR (Extended Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality), has created the emergence of 6G technology. On the basis of 5G technique, 6G will put profound impact over ubiquitous connectivity, holographic connectivity, deep connectivity and intelligent connectivity. Notably, research fraternity should focus on challenges and issues of 6G. They need to explore various alternatives to meet desired parameters of 6G. Thus, there are many potential challenges to be envisioned. This review study outlines some future challenges and issues which can hamper deployment of 6G. We subsequently define key potential features of 6G to provide the state of the art of 6G technology for future research. We have provided a review of extant research on 6G. In this review, technology prospects, challenges, key areas and related issues are briefly discussed. In addition, we have provided technologies breakdown and framework of 6G. We have shed light over future directions, applications and practical considerations of 6G to help researchers for possible breakthroughs. Our aim is to aggregate the efforts and eliminate the technical uncertainties towards breakthrough innovations for 6G.
Wireless power transmission is the process to transmit electrical energy without using wire or any physical link. WPT is mainly used at such places where it is difficult to transfer energy using conventional wires. In this research work, we investigated the need and feasibility of wireless power transmission for underwater applications. This research paper will outline research challenges, limitations and practical consideration for underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT). Recent researchers have focused on WPT in air. However, WPT is still a challenging task in underwater environment. In this study, we have presented a review on previous research works in underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT). We have provided a comparison of different techniques implemented for wireless power transfer. This paper also proposes the idea of MIMO wireless power transmission for AUVs charging. This paper elaborates capabilities and limitations of the wireless power transfer system in underwater media as stochastic nature of ocean is a big challenge in wireless power transmission. We have also addressed design challenges and seawater effects on UWPT system.
Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has proven its high stature in both civil and military operations including underwater life monitoring, communication and invasion detection. However, UWSNs are vulnerable to a wide class of power consumption issues. Underwater sensor nodes consume power provided by integrated limited batteries. It is a challenging issue to replace these batteries under harsh aquatic conditions. Thus, in an energy-constrained underwater system it is pivotal to seek strategies for improving the life expectancy of the sensors. In this paper, we propose transmission power control mechanism for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). We experimentally investigate the impact of transmission power and propose a control mechanism to enhance the performance of underwater wireless sensor network. In this proposed mechanism, source nodes will adjust its transmission power according to the location of destination node. This paper aims to provide a mechanism which is incorporated in SEEC. This study also outlines the mathematical modeling for proposed idea. Moreover, we have compared results of our scheme with previous implemented schemes.
Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) has gained significant attraction in many underwater activities because of its high bandwidth as compared to radio frequency and acoustic technologies. Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) has high stature in underwater observation, exploration and monitoring applications. However, due to complex nature of ocean water, several practical challenges exist in deployment of UOWC links. Qualitative and effective research has been carried out in UOWCs from last few decades. Ambition behind this research systematic study is to provide a comprehensive survey on latest research in UOWCs. Herein, we provide a brief discussion on major research challenges, limitations and development in UOWCs. We provide a periodical review on UOWC issues and potential challenges highlighted in previous studies. In this paper, we have also investigated research methods to gain attention of research fraternity towards future technologies and challenges on the basis of existing approaches. Thus, it is our foremost requirement to provide state-of-the-art analysis of existing UOWCs. Significant deliberation has been provided with recent bibliography.
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