This study presents the impact of near-field and far-field earthquakes on the seismic design of Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame (IMRF) and Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) structures through FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) P695 methodology to highlight the importance of probabilistic collapse as well as seismic performance factors of these structures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the collapse performance of steel intermediate and special moment resisting frame systems as the most common structural systems in urban areas in order to assess the seismic performance factors used for the design using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis methods. In this regard, as the representatives of low-rise to high-rise buildings, archetypes with 5-, 10- and 15- story of intermediate and special moment resisting frames are designed and then the nonlinear models are developed in OpenSees software. Nonlinear static analyses are performed to assess the overstrength and ductility of these systems. The effects of near-field and far-field ground motions on these frames are investigated through incremental dynamic analysis. These analyses are performed with 22 far-field and 20 near-field ground motion records using FEMA P695 methodology. The results show that near-field earthquakes have serious impacts on the collapse probability of structures. The superiority of special moment resisting frame over intermediate moment resisting frame is quantified in terms of safety margin and median collapse capacity under both near-field and far-field earthquakes. Finally, the results indicate that the response modification factors introduced in seismic design code are acceptable for intermediate moment resisting frame and special moment resisting frame under far-field ground motions. However, in the near-field sites while SMRF system meets the requirements of FEMA P695 methodology, the IMRF system does not satisfy these criteria.
This paper presents a general review of geosynthetic liner systems design considerations. The paper emphasizes the fundamental differences between a liner and a liner system, discusses the types of liner systems that are effective in landfill applications, and discusses how the components of a liner system may vary depending on the type of application, regulatory requirements, site hydrogeologic and climatic conditions, and the availability of materials. Regarding regulatory considerations, the paper discusses how liner systems must be selected and designed in conformance with regulatory performance standards in order to ensure long-term protection of the environment, and notes that many American state regulations for municipal waste landfills include minimum design guidelines that may be inadequate to meet the state's performance standards. The two aspects of chemical compatibility—retention and resistance to chemical attack—are discussed, and a generalized approach to designing geosynthetic liner systems is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion on future needs of the discipline and the industry.
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