The retroperitoneum is a large space where primary and metastatic tumors grow silently before clinical signs appear. Neoplastic retroperitoneal diseases may be solid or cystic, primary or secondary and range from benign to aggressive in behavior. Retroperitoneal neoplasms are notable for their widely disparate histologies. The solid primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are extremely uncommon and can be classified based on their tissue of origin into three main categories: mesodermal tumors, neurogenic tumors, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. These tumors can grow to a large size before clinical symptoms occur or become palpable. When symptoms do occur, they are nonspecific. The majority of these masses are malignant and imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection, staging, and pre-operative planning. Benign and malignant masses should be distinguished whenever possible to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. Macroscopic fat, calcification, necrosis, vascularity, and neural foraminal widening are common imaging features helping for tumor differentiation. Meticulous cross-sectional imaging can triage the patient to the most appropriate therapy. Tumor morphology dictates imaging character, and biologic activity is reflected by positron emission tomography (PET). Complete surgical excision with tumor free margins is essential for long-term survival. Biopsy should be performed in consultation with surgical oncology to avoid complicating curative surgery. This pictorial essay illustrates the spectrum of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging findings in common and uncommon primary retroperitoneal masses, with an emphasis on cross-sectional imaging features for an adequate tumor characterization and staging.

Compared with many metropolitan residents, Iranians living in rural areas have a poorer health status partly due to the inequitable access to healthcare services. However, despite policy efforts to ameliorate the disparities, the gap in healthcare between rural and urban residents is growing wider according to several published studies. Among the fundamental causes of these disparities, dominant discourses play a critical role. This paper seeks to unpack the relations of power operated by socio-politically constructed discourses around rural health-promoting interventions, including rural Family Physician Program (FPP). We adopted a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) to examine how well-intentioned efforts to advance equity policy may unintentionally maintain discourse and practices that reinforce inequity. We followed the analytic steps, outlined by Carabine, for distinguishing discourses in order to select and analyze 25 documents, 31 interviews, and 21 observations. The analysis revealed three interconnected discourses with supporting roles constructed in opposition to the putative role of the designed program: the rural FPP to achieve the government’s ideological purposes about justice and equality (the discourse of deficits), the rural FPP to align with the urban-oriented medical curriculum (the discourse of career disadvantages) and the rural FPP to represent discipline perceptions about rural communities (the discourse of rural inferiority). These oppositional role constructions can hinder the proper functioning of this policy, usually in favor of urban claims on rural space.

The settlement of the immigrants, especially foreign immigrants in different cities and city areas has a major influence in shaping and changing socio-spatial structure of these areas. Mashhad has been the target of a large number of Afghan refugees in the past decades (160 thousand people). The initial settlement of immigrants in marginal areas of the city and residential mobility in the early settlement has obvious consequences on the social and spatial structure of different areas targeted by the immigrants. This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the residential mobility of Afghan refugees residing in districts 4, 5 and 6 of Mashhad-Iran. The research was a survey type and the required data were gathered by field studies using questionnaires and library. The results of this study suggests that a major portion Afghan immigrant (86%) have been settled at the beginning of their arrival to Mashhad in marginal areas and slums including, Golshahr, Panj-tan, Ghaleh Sakhteman and Tollab. In the initial settlement of immigrants in the mentioned places factors such as proximity to fellow coreligionists and affordable rental housing prices are crucial. In terms of residential mobility, 45.7% of immigrant families have changed their location at least once in Mashhad. The highest residential mobility has taken place in the Golshahr areas (28.1%) and Panj-tan (28.1%). Family residential mobility between regions existed in smaller and restricted scale. The stated reasons and motives in relation to residential mobility of immigrants are different in the later stages after primary residence. Generally the factors of insecurity and lack of resources and utilities, improved financial condition and ability to buy a better house, ethnics and religion inconsonance and the tenant conditions are among the reasons stated by the refugees for changing their residence.

Introduction and Background The issue of identity in general and urban identity in particular has a great importance because of the role that play in recognizing individuals, objects, communities and places. In spite of the importance of this issue, urban identity crisis is alarming in recent times. Natural elements, physical and socio-cultural components are three main elements identifying that conditions and characteristics of each of them determining their role in the identity of the city. Aims The main purpose of this study is investigate and identify the urban identity component of Sabzevar with emphasis on identifying the mentioned factors by citizens. Methodology This research method was of descriptive-analytic type. The data were collected through a document (library) method and a survey (questionnaire) method. The statistical population has been people over 15 years old of Sabzevar, who had been residence in this city for at least 5 years. The research units is Individual and samples are obtained using by Cochran formula a sample of 384 people. Conclusion The results show that on the basis relative frequency of recognized elements by the respondents, according to the group of synthetic and physical components with 44.21 percent, natural components with 30.29 percent and the human factor (25.49 percent) to be accounted as the most significant components of identity of Sabzevar city. Also citizens place attachment as one of elements of identity which is more than average level. Another result of this study is that among the 30 physical element of streets, squares and parks named by respondents, with the exception of 2 cases that are located in the city new part, the rest have taken place in old and central mid regions. In addition, these results indicate that there is no significant difference between the knowledge of residences regarding identity elements of physical and built environment of the city.