Plant growth promoting (PGP) effect of Streptomyces on wheat growth in different conditions has been mostly reported although mechanisms which caused wheat cultivars differently response to a PGP Streptomyces has been less studied. In this study, the effect of two Streptomyces strains, previously reported as PGPR, on the growth of four salt-sensitive commercial wheat cultivars under normal and saline conditions was investigated. Strain C-2012 differently affected the growth of the cultivars in the normal and stress conditions. Cultivars Gonbad with the highest (63%) and Zarin without increased dry biomass upon C-2012 treatments were selected for further study. Salinity significantly decreased seedling fresh and dry weight, K þ and chlorophyll content and glutathione Stransferase activity. Moreover, the stress increased proline and Na þ content and peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in both cultivars. Strain C-2012, generally, ameliorated the negative effect of the stress with increased chlorophyll and carotenoid and reduced Na þ content and APX and SOD activity in both cultivars, however, its effect on biomass was different. Increase in SOD, APX and POX activities in bacterial inoculated-Zarin, but not Gonbad, under normal conditions suggested that this cultivar may recognize strain C-2012 as a gentle stressor and not as a PGPR. These results showed that the responses of the wheat cultivars to a defined PGPR is different in the physiological, phenotypic and molecular level. Based on the results, the evaluation of the effect of a bio-fertilizer on each wheat cultivar is necessary prior to use in a commercial field.
Chickpea is an important food legume cultivated in several countries. A sudden drop in autumn temperature, freezing winter temperature, and late spring cold events result in significant losses in chickpea production. The current study used RNA sequencing of two cold tolerant (Saral) and sensitive (ILC533) Kabuli chickpea genotypes to identify cold tolerance-associated genes/pathways. A total of 200.85 million raw reads were acquired from the leaf samples by Illumina sequencing, and around 86% of the clean reads (199 million) were mapped to the chickpea reference genome. The results indicated that 3710 (1980 up- and 1730 down-regulated) and 3473 (1972 up- and 1501 down-regulated) genes were expressed differentially under cold stress in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively. According to the GO enrichment analysis of uniquely down-regulated genes under cold stress in ILC533, photosynthetic membrane, photosystem II, chloroplast part, and photosystem processes were enriched, revealing that the photosynthesis is severely sensitive to cold stress in this sensitive genotype. Many remarkable transcription factors (CaDREB1E, CaMYB4, CaNAC47, CaTCP4, and CaWRKY33), signaling/regulatory genes (CaCDPK4, CaPP2C6, CaMKK2, and CaHSFA3), and protective genes (CaCOR47, CaLEA3, and CaGST) were identified among the cold-responsive genes of the tolerant genotype. These findings would help improve cold tolerance across chickpea genotypes by molecular breeding or genetic engineering.
Chickpea is an important food legume cultivated in several countries. A sudden drop in autumn temperature, freezing winter temperature, and late spring cold events result in significant losses in chickpea production. The current study used RNA sequencing of two cold tolerant (Saral) and sensitive (ILC533) Kabuli chickpea genotypes to identify cold tolerance-associated genes/pathways. A total of 200.85 million raw reads were acquired from the leaf samples by Illumina sequencing, and around 86% of the clean reads (199 million) were mapped to the chickpea reference genome. The results indicated that 3710 (1980 up- and 1730 down-regulated) and 3473 (1972 up- and 1501 down-regulated) genes were expressed differentially under cold stress in the tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively. According to the GO enrichment analysis of uniquely down-regulated genes under cold stress in ILC533, photosynthetic membrane, photosystem II, chloroplast part, and photosystem processes were enriched, revealing that the photosynthesis is severely sensitive to cold stress in this sensitive genotype. Many remarkable transcription factors (CaDREB1E, CaMYB4, CaNAC47, CaTCP4, and CaWRKY33), signaling/regulatory genes (CaCDPK4, CaPP2C6, CaMKK2, and CaHSFA3), and protective genes (CaCOR47, CaLEA3, and CaGST) were identified among the cold-responsive genes of the tolerant genotype. These findings would help improve cold tolerance across chickpea genotypes by molecular breeding or genetic engineering.
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