Although the NTP has no threshold for cost-effectiveness, our model can provide support for decision makers in Brazil and other countries with a low prevalence of drug resistance among TB patients. Financial benefit can potentially be expected if physicians rely more on a negative Xpert result and empirical treatment is reduced.
This study estimated the costs of vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section without clinical indication, for usual risk pregnant women from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Data was collected from three public maternity hospitals located in the southeast region of Brazil through visits and interviews with professionals. The cost components were human resources, hospital supplies, capital cost and overhead, which were identified, quantified and valued through the micro-costing method. The costs with vaginal delivery, elective cesarean section and daily hospital charge in rooming for the three maternity hospitals were identified. The mean cost of a vaginal delivery procedure
The purpose of this study was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of spontaneous vaginal delivery and elective cesarean (with no clinical indication) for normal risk pregnant women, from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified National Health System. An analytical decision model was developed and included the choice of delivery mode and clinical consequences for mothers and newborns, from admission for delivery to hospital discharge. The reference population consisted of normal risk pregnant women with singleton, at-term gestations in cephalic position, subdivided into primiparas and multiparas with prior uterine scar. Cost data were obtained from three public maternity hospitals (two in Rio de Janeiro, one in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). Direct costs were identified with human resources, hospital inputs, and capital and administrative costs. Effectiveness measures were identified, based on the scientific literature. The study showed that vaginal delivery was more efficient for primiparas, at lower cost (BRL 1,709.58; USD 518.05) than cesarean (BRL 2,245.86; USD 680.56) and greater effectiveness for three of the four target outcomes. For multiparas with prior uterine scar, repeat cesarean was cost-effective for the outcomes averted maternal morbidity, averted uterine rupture, averted neonatal ICU, and averted neonatal death, but the result was not supported by probabilistic sensitivity analysis. For maternal death as the outcome, there was no difference in effectiveness, and labor showed the lowest cost. This study can contribute to the management of perinatal care, expanding measures that encourage adequate delivery according to the population's characteristics.
We estimated the costs of a molecular test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to rifampin (Xpert MTB/RIF) and of smear microscopy, within the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Unified Health Care System). In SUS laboratories in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Manaus, we performed activity-based costing and micro-costing. The mean unit costs for Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy were R$35.57 and R$14.16, respectively. The major cost drivers for Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy were consumables/reagents and staff, respectively. These results might facilitate future cost-effectiveness studies and inform the decision-making process regarding the expansion of Xpert MTB/RIF use in Brazil.
RESUMO
Objetivos
Estimar o impacto orçamentário do excesso de cesarianas sem indicação clínica em comparação ao parto vaginal para gestantes de risco habitual no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil.
Métodos
A análise se baseou em um modelo estático. A população de referência foi a de gestantes de risco habitual. O horizonte temporal foi de 5 anos. Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de Poisson para projetar o número de nascidos vivos de 2016 a 2020. O cálculo do custo direto da cesariana eletiva e do parto vaginal foi baseado em dois estudos prévios, nos quais foi calculado o valor esperado dos procedimentos através de um modelo de decisão analítico que incluiu as intercorrências clínicas da internação até a alta da maternidade. O cenário de referência dessa análise considerou 29% de cesarianas em excesso no país.
Resultados
O custo total da assistência ao parto e nascimento para as primíparas e multíparas sem cicatriz uterina no cenário de referência foi de US$ 707,5 milhões para o ano de 2016. No cenário 1 (melhor cenário), que considerou apenas o parto vaginal para essas gestantes, houve uma redução de custos de US$ 76,5 milhões ao ano. Para multíparas, a comparação do cenário de referência com o melhor cenário gerou economia de mais de US$ 4 milhões ao ano.
Conclusões
Os resultados indicam que o incentivo ao parto vaginal gera economia.
RESUMO Introdução: o delirium é um distúrbio neurológico frequentemente manifestado por pacientes graves em unidades de terapia intensiva. Objetivo: identificar a prevalência do delirium entre pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: estudo transversal retrospectivo, nos meses de fevereiro, março e abril de 2012. Foram analisados os prontuários de 128 pacientes internados, buscando características gerais dos pacientes e informações quanto ao nível de consciência e estado psíquico, através do instrumento de coleta de dados criado. Resultados: evidenciou-se que somente dois pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado, com uma prevalência de 2% do delirium. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a necessidade de ampliação das discussões acerca do uso de protocolos de avaliação para o diagnóstico de delirium entre os profissionais que atuam nas unidades de terapia intensiva, para identificação precoce do agravo visando à prevenção e/ou tratamento adequado no período de hospitalização. Palavras-chave: Enfermagem; cuidados de enfermagem; confusão mental; terapia intensiva.
Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi estimar o impacto orçamentário do GeneXpert MTB/RIF para o diagnóstico da tuberculose sob a perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose, valendo-se de um modelo estático apoiado no método epidemiológico entre 2013 e 2017. Comparou-se um teste Xpert MTB/RIF com duas baciloscopias diagnósticas. Utilizaram-se dados epidemiológicos, populacionais, de custos, a taxa de câmbio e bases de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi realizada análise de sensibilidade por cenários. A incorporação do GeneXpert MTB/RIF demandaria um montante de R$ 147 milhões em cinco anos e representaria um impacto de 23% a 26% nos dois primeiros anos, e de cerca de 11% entre 2015 e 2017. Os resultados podem apoiar os gestores brasileiros e dos países latino-americanos no planejamento e gestão na sua decisão de incorporação da tecnologia.
OBJECTIVE To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of natural childbirth and elective C-section for normal risk pregnant women.METHODS The study was conducted from the perspective of supplemental health, a health subsystem that finances private obstetric care, represented in Brazil by health plan operators. The reference populations were normal risk pregnant women, who could undergo natural childbirth or elective C-section, subdivided into primiparous and multiparous women with previous uterine scar. A decision analysis model was constructed including choice of delivery types and health consequences for mother and newborn, from admission for delivery to maternity hospital discharge. Effectiveness measures were identified from the scientific literature, and cost data obtained by consultation with health professionals, health plan operators’ pricing tables, and pricing reference publications of health resources.RESULTS Natural childbirth was dominant compared with elective C-section for primiparous normal risk pregnant women, presenting lower cost (R$5,210.96 versus R$5,753.54) and better or equal effectiveness for all evaluated outcomes. For multiparous women with previous uterine scar, C-section presented lower cost (R$5,364.07) than natural childbirth (R$5,632.24), and better or equal effectiveness; therefore, C-section is more efficient for this population.CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to control and audit C-sections without clinical indication, especially with regard to primiparous women, contributing to the management of perinatal care.
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