Tinea nigra is a rare superficial mycosis caused by Hortaea werneckii. This infection presents as asymptomatic brown to black maculae mostly in palmo-plantar regions. We performed scanning electron microscopy of a superficial shaving of a tinea nigra lesion. The examination of the outer surface of the sample showed the epidermis with corneocytes and hyphae and elimination of fungal filaments. The inner surface of the sample showed important aggregation of hyphae among keratinocytes, which formed small fungal colonies. The ultrastructural findings correlated with those of dermoscopic examination - the small fungal aggregations may be the dark spicules seen on dermoscopy - and also allowed to document the mode of dissemination of tinea nigra, showing how hyphae are eliminated on the surface of the lesion.
RESUMOA transformação neoplásica resulta de uma série de alterações genéti-cas, envolvendo ativação de proto-oncogenes e inativação de genes supressores tumorais. Ativação do proto-oncogene ras por mutações em ponto é a alteração genética mais freqüente em tumores espontâ-neos da tireóide. Avaliamos a expressão do gene ras no bócio nodular. Fragmentos de tecido tireoidiano normal e neoplásico foram coletados durante o ato cirúrgico, sendo que 79 pacientes tiveram diagnóstico histopatológico de bócio colóide e foram incluídos no estudo. O RNA total foi extraído pelo método de Trizol e o cDNA sintetizado através do Reverse Trancriptidase. Os genes H-ras e K-ras foram amplificados através de PCR com primers específicos. Do total da amostra, 62% apresentaram aumento da expressão de um dos genes ras estudados. Evidenciou-se aumento da expressão do H-ras em 9 dos 29 (31%) casos e do K-ras em 12 dos 32 (37,5%) tumores estudados. Os resultados demonstraram aumento da expressão do ras na doença nodular da tireóide e sugerem um papel importante desses genes na transformação neoplásica da tireóide. Neoplastic transformation results from a series of genetic alterations involving activation of protooncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Activation of ras protooncogenes by point mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration in spontaneous thyroid neoplasias. The goal of this study was to evaluate ras gene expression in the nodular goiter. Seventy-nine patients submitted to thyroidectomy and with a histological diagnosis of nodular goiter were included in the study. Tissues were obtained from both tumor and normal thyroid during surgery and frozen in liquid N 2 . Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent and the cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription. Twenty-one of the 34 (62%) nodules showed elevated expression of at least one of the ras genes studied. H-ras exhibited overexpression in 9 of 29 (31%) and K-ras in 12 of 32 (37.5%) tumor samples examined. Our results showed ras over expression in nodular disease, with different pattern of expression between H and K-ras genes, suggesting that control of these proto-oncogenes expression might play an important role on neoplastic transformation in thyroid cells. OBÓCIO MULTINODULAR (BMN) é definido como aumento da glându-la tireóide devido à proliferação multifocal de tireócitos, resultando em estruturas foliculares heterogêneas. É uma patologia comum, clinicamente detectada em 2-6% dos indivíduos em regiões com dieta suficiente de iodo (1).
We performed scanning electron microscopy of an inverted blister roof in a case of pemphigus foliaceus. The loss of intercellular adherence could be easily seen with low magnification. The acantholytic keratinocytes displayed an irregular and sometimes polygonal contour. Round cells, typically seen in light microscopy, were also observed. The examination of a blister roof allows ultrastructural documentation of the acantholytic changes.
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