The species and varieties of citrus plants that are currently grown can favor the population growth of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) and alter the pest management programs in citrus groves. In this study we evaluated, in the laboratory, the development and reproduction of P. citri and estimated its life table parameters when reared on four varieties of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Valencia, Pera, Natal, and Hamlin), one variety of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Ponkan) and one variety of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. (Sicilian). The incubation period and egg viability were not affected by the host plant. However, the development and survival of the immature stage were significantly lower on Hamlin orange than on Valencia, Pera and Natal oranges, Ponkan mandarin and Sicilian lemon. The fecundity and oviposition period of females were lower on Hamlin orange than on the other hosts. Mites reared on Valencia orange and Sicilian lemon had a higher net reproductive rate (R 0 ), intrinsic growth rate (r) and finite rate of increase (λ), and a shorter interval between generations (T) than on Pera, Natal and Hamlin oranges and Ponkan mandarin. On the other hand, mites reared on Hamlin orange had the lowest R 0 , r and λ and the highest T among the hosts. Based on the results obtained we recommend that for Valencia orange and Sicilian lemon, the mite monitoring programs should be more intense to detect the initial infestation of pest, avoiding the damage in plants and the increase in production costs.
ResumoA soja é um produto agrícola relevante para a economia do Brasil, mas sua produtividade é reduzida pelo ataque da lagarta Anticarsia gemmatalis. No controle, é necessário consolidar pesquisas com alternativas não químicas, destacando-se a resistência de plantas, importante ferramenta do MIP. Para tanto, este trabalho avaliou a atratividade e a não preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas de primeiro instar A. gemmatalis por folhas de diferentes cultivares de soja. Os testes foram realizados em câmara climatizada a 27± 1°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Foram utilizadas as cultivares BRS 284 (convencional), Anta 82 RR, P98Y77 RR, NA 7321 RR, BRS Valiosa RR, SYN 1182 RR, M-SOY 8527 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 8197 RR e M-SOY 8867 RR. Utilizou-se do sistema de arena para a realização dos testes em placas de Petri, com dez repetições. Em cada repetição, foram liberadas quinze lagartas de primeiro instar de A. gemmatalis. Para avaliar a atratividade, contou-se o número de lagartas atraídas em cada cultivar ao longo de 60 minutos após a liberação, enquanto a não preferência para alimentação foi avaliada após 24 horas. Avaliou-se também o consumo foliar das lagartas nas diferentes cultivares, um dia após a liberação dos insetos, utilizando-se do Software de análise foliar AFSoft® v1.1. Os resultados demonstraram que as cultivares de soja P8Y77RR, M-SOY8867RR apresentaram menor atratividade, não preferência para alimentação e consumo foliar por lagartas de A. gemmatalis, em teste com chance de escolha. Em teste sem chance de escolha, as cultivares, SYN 9070 RR e SYN 1182 RR foram menos preferidas e consumidas por lagartas de A. gemmatalis, e as cultivares de soja P8Y77RR, M-SOY8867RR, SYN 9070 RR e SYN 1182 RR possuem resistência do tipo não preferência à lagarta de A. gemmatalis.Palavras-chave adicionais: consumo foliar; Glycine max; resistência de plantas; sistema de arena. AbstractSoybean is a relevant agricultural commodity in Brazil economy but its productivity is seriously jeopardized by the caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis. For the proper control of this pest, research work results pointing non-chemical solutions for the problem, specially those indicating plant resistance as an important tool for the integrated management of pests, should be consolidated. Having that in mind, this study evaluated the attractivity and the feeding non-preference with and without choosing opportunity of Anticarsia gemmatalis first intar caterpillar for leaves of different soybean cultivars. The
The predator mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma is an important biological-control agent of mite pests, and it is one of the most common species found in citrus orchards. This study assessed, under laboratory conditions, the toxicity and duration of the harmful effects of five insecticides, the three pyrethroids deltamethrin, esfenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin, and the two neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on I. zuluagai. Furthermore, we estimated the life-table parameters of the predator. Our results showed that deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin caused higher mortality of larvae and adults than imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. In contrast, esfenvalerate provided larval mortality similar to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, but it did not cause significant adult mortality of the predator. Mites that developed on pyrethroid residues showed lower survival of the immature stages, fecundity, and longevity compared to neonicotinoid residues and the control treatment. The estimated life-table parameters indicated that deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate caused greater reduction in R and r of I. zuluagai compared with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, which were similar to the control treatment. Besides the impacts on biological and population parameters, the duration of the harmful activity of pyrethroid insecticides was longer than the neonicotinoids. Therefore, the use of pyrethroid insecticides to control pest insects may involve serious implications for integrated pest-management programs that aim to exploit the biological control by I. zuluagai in citrus orchards.
Resumo A soja é um produto agrícola relevante para a economia do Brasil, mas sua produtividade é reduzida pelo ataque da lagarta Anticarsia gemmatalis. No controle, é necessário consolidar pesquisas com alternativas não químicas, destacando-se a resistência de plantas, importante ferramenta do MIP. Para tanto, este trabalho avaliou a atratividade e a não preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas de primeiro instar A. gemmatalis por folhas de diferentes cultivares de soja. Os testes foram realizados em câmara climatizada a 27± 1°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas. Foram utilizadas as cultivares BRS 284 (convencional), Anta 82 RR, P98Y77 RR, NA 7321 RR, BRS Valiosa RR, SYN 1182 RR, M-SOY 8527 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 8197 RR e M-SOY 8867 RR. Utilizou-se do sistema de arena para a realização dos testes em placas de Petri, com dez repetições. Em cada repetição, foram liberadas quinze lagartas de primeiro instar de A. gemmatalis. Para avaliar a atratividade, contou-se o número de lagartas atraídas em cada cultivar ao longo de 60 minutos após a liberação, enquanto a não preferência para alimentação foi avaliada após 24 horas. Avaliou-se também o consumo foliar das lagartas nas diferentes cultivares, um dia após a liberação dos insetos, utilizando-se do Software de análise foliar AFSoft® v1.1. Os resultados demonstraram que as cultivares de soja P8Y77RR, M-SOY8867RR apresentaram menor atratividade, não preferência para alimentação e consumo foliar por lagartas de A. gemmatalis, em teste com chance de escolha. Em teste sem chance de escolha, as cultivares, SYN 9070 RR e SYN 1182 RR foram menos preferidas e consumidas por lagartas de A. gemmatalis, e as cultivares de soja P8Y77RR, M-SOY8867RR, SYN 9070 RR e SYN 1182 RR possuem resistência do tipo não preferência à lagarta de A. gemmatalis. Palavras-chave adicionais: consumo foliar; Glycine max; resistência de plantas; sistema de arena. Abstract Soybean is a relevant agricultural commodity in Brazil economy but its productivity is seriously jeopardized by the caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis. For the proper control of this pest, research work results pointing non-chemical solutions for the problem, specially those indicating plant resistance as an important tool for the integrated management of pests, should be consolidated. Having that in mind, this study evaluated the attractivity and the feeding non-preference with and without choosing opportunity of Anticarsia gemmatalis first intar caterpillar for leaves of different soybean cultivars. The
Euseius concordis (Chant) is an important predatory mite found in citrus orchards. The toxicity of 19 pesticides used in citrus orchards on biological and population parameters of this mite was assessed. Our results indicated that formetanate hydrochloride, dimethoate and phosmet were highly harmful (100% mortality) to E. concordis. Carbosulfan, diflubenzuron, fenpropathrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, mineral and vegetable oils, spinosad and thiamethoxam reduced the female's survival and/or fecundity, and were moderately harmful to E. concordis. Besides the acute toxicity, carbosulfan and formetanate hydrochloride were highly persistent [>30 days after spraying (DAS)]; dimethoate was moderately persistent (16-30 DAS); spinosad, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam were slightly persistent (5-15 DAS); and the other pesticides were considered to be short-lived (<5 DAS). All compounds except lambda-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam increased the pre-oviposition period in the female offspring. Carbosulfan, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, mineral and vegetable oils, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide reduced offspring fecundity, whereas thiamethoxam increased the fecundity. Mineral and vegetable oils reduced female longevity of the predator mite. Regarding population effects, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and thiamethoxam led to an increase in net reproductive rate (R ), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) of E. concordis. Diflubenzuron, etofenprox, and mineral and vegetable oils reduced R , r and λ. All pesticides except beta-cypermethrin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid reduced the mean generation time (T) of the predator. Therefore, semi-field and field studies are needed to assess the compatibility of these compounds with E. concordis before adoption in IPM programs.
Efeito do cultivo de feijão com co-inoculação (Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense) e lâminas de irrigação sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas Effect of common bean cultivation with co-inoculation (Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense) and irrigation depths on the physiological quality of the seeds produced
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