Domestic and industrial hydraulic drainage networks have gradually become more complicated because of the cities’ rapid expansion. In surcharged hydraulic systems, the head losses may become rather significant, and should not be neglected because could result in several problems. This work presents an investigation about major and minor head losses in a hydraulic flow circuit, simulating the water transport in a drainage network at room temperature (298.15 K) under atmospheric pressure (101,325 Pa). The losses produced by the fluid viscous effect through the one used cast-iron rectilinear pipe (RP-11) and the localized losses generated by two flow appurtenances, one fully open ball valve (BV-1) and one module of forty-four 90º elbows (90E-8) were experimentally measured. Experimental data generated head-loss curves and their well fitted to potential regressions, displaying correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9792, 0.9924, and 0.9820 for BV-1, 90E-8, and RP-11, respectively. Head loss experimental equations and local loss coefficients through BV-1 and 90E-8 were determined successfully. The Moody’s diagram application proved to be a quite appropriate tool for an approximate estimation of Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. A good approximation between friction factor values obtained via experimental measurements and the Moody’s diagram was observed with mean absolute deviate of 0.0136.

Petroleum exploration, as well as environmental impacts descendant of aquatic contaminations involving sea oil spills, foments the development of new technologies of marine ecosystems protection. Acknowledged like the most abundant polymer available today worldwide, cellulose is a linear 1.4-β-glucan, composed of D-anhydroglucopyranose units, linked together by β-(l→4)-glycosidic bonds. In this study, a chemical modification route of the cellulose polymer was accomplished using glycidyl methacrylate and stearin to test its oily adsorption capacity of soybean, diesel, and residual oils. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Analyses were applied to the characterization of the morphological and functional structure of microcrystalline cellulose. The results obtained proved the reach of an average hydrophobicity grade of 78.3±0.9% and a mass gain of MG = 2.89%, suggesting the possible insertion of hydrophobic groups onto the cellulose molecule and corroborating the hypothesis of successful grafting of glycidyl methacrylate and stearin onto the polymer. The oily adsorption tests showed a satisfactory capacity of the modified cellulose to adsorb small amounts of viscous oils, like residual oil.

The supremacy of the mineral industry added to the necessity to supply the world market demand justifies the continuous research efforts for optimizing of the activities of mineral resource utilization. In an approach of mineral characterization, a grain-size analysis study of coarse and fine aggregates of verdete rock was presented in this work. The particle size distribution (PSD) of two samples of aggregates with granulometry < 2.36 mm was experimentally obtained using sieving techniques and adjustment to Rosin-Rammler-Bennet (RRB) and Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann (GGS) granulometric distribution models. Both RRB and GGS models regressed well to the experimental data, presenting correlation coefficient values were extremely close between them approximately 0.99. The PSD’s results indicated that 65.97% dry aggregates and 67.68% wet aggregates had a particle size with mean diameter > 0.0050 mm; a similar behavior of the grain-size distributions presented by dry and wet aggregates; and a tiny presence of fine particles natural in the analyzed ore sample. The results suggested the suitability of the methodology to predict the grain-size performance the verdete ore beyond to show itself as a contribution to the enriching of the mineral characterization of the studied rock, as a potassium potential source for the mineral processing Brazilian industry.

This article was elaborated in an approach to the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the extraction process of ethanoic acid (C2H4O2) in aqueous phase using ethyl ethanoate as solvent. The liquid-liquid extraction was modeled by the construction of a ternary phase diagram for the water-ethanoic acid- ethyl ethanoate system with the aid of the Origin software. The equilibrium data were obtained experimentally by titration at room temperature (298.15 K) and atmospheric pressure (101325 Pa) using four mixtures of water, ethanoic acid, and ethyl ethanoate. The determination of the composition of the extract and residue portions in the equilibrium of each mixture by of the tie-lines method allowed to examine the percentages of liquid-liquid extraction achieved. The distribution coefficients and separation factors calculated made it possible an evaluation of the distribution and of the mutual solubility of the solute in the aqueous and organic phases. The results showed a good performance of ethyl ethanoate in the extraction of ethanoic acid for concentrations of solute until 16% of the feed.