Restrictive requirements for maximum concentrations of metals introduced into the environment lead to search for effective methods of their removal. Chemical precipitation using hydroxides or sulfides is one of the most commonly used methods for removing metals from water and wastewater. The process is simple and inexpensive. However, during metal hydroxide precipitation, large amounts of solids are formed. As a result, metal hydroxide is getting amphoteric and it can go back into the solution. On the other hand, use of sulfides is characterized by lower solubility compared with that of metal hydroxides, so a higher degree of metal reduction can be achieved in a shorter time. Disadvantages of that process are very low solubility of metal sulfides, highly sensitive process to the dosing of the precipitation agent, and the risks of emission of toxic hydrogen sulfide. All these restrictions forced to search for new and effective precipitants. Potassium/sodium thiocarbonate (STC) and 2,4,6-trimercaptotiazine (TMT) are widely used. Dithiocarbamate (DTC) compounds are also used, e.g., sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (SDTC), and ligands for permanent metal binding, e.g., 1,3-benzenediamidoethanethiol (BDETH2), 2,6-pyridinediamidoethanethiol (PyDET), a pyridine-based thiol ligand (DTPY) or ligands with open chains containing many sulfur atoms, using of a tetrahedral bonding arrangement around a central metal atom. The possibility of improving the efficiency of metal precipitation is obtained by using a higher dose of precipitating agent. However, toxic byproducts are often produced. It is required that the precipitation agents not only effectively remove metal ions from the solution but also effectively bind with dyes or metal complexes.
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule playing a role of universal energy carrier used in cell metabolism. Since ATP is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, this coenzyme can be used to determine a hygiene state. During last decade there has been a significant growth of practical applications of ATP measurements. ATP tests are commonly used for an assessment of hygienic conditions in food industry, residential buildings and hotels. In comparison with traditional and time-consuming laborious microbial analysis the measurement of ATP provides a quick indicative on-site data, characterizing microbial and organic contamination to support decision-making with regards to adequate corrective and preventive actions. This paper demonstrates applications of ATP in practice and, particularly, in water treatment technology and wastewater processing. The review highlights opportunities for using the test for the optimization of water treatment facilities and pipe networks functioning in order to assess wastewater toxicity and wastewater treatment process efficiency. Other areas of application are also addressed. The review of literature indicates that ATP used in different areas of industry can be considered as a diagnostic method -complement the classical methods -useful for identification of hygiene risks as well as a tool for a real-time management of health and environmental risks.
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