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Purpose The aim of this study was to elaborate new forms of biofungicide formulations which could increase biological activity of essential oil against various strains of pathogenic fungi of plants, dermatophytes, and molds. Methods The nanoemulsions containing four various essential oils (cinnamon, thyme, manuka, and tea tree oil) were obtained by using the low-energy (PIC) and the high-energy emulsification methods (ultrasonification). The physicochemical properties and activity of prepared systems against strains of pathogenic fungi of plants (F. culmorum, Ph. cactorum), dermatophytes (T. mentagrophytes M. gypseum) and molds (S. brevicaulis, A. niger) were examined. Fungicidal activity was tested by the method of linear growth of mycelium on an agar medium. Macroemulsions containing the oils and the pure essential oils were used as comparative samples.Results It was found that nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasonification showed excellent fungicidal activity compared to pure oils and macroemulsions. Among others, the manuka oil nanoformulations showed the highest activity against the tested fungi. Conclusions Nanoemulsions can be applied as the effective carriers of essential oils. They allow the reduction of the concentration of the bioactive oils while maintaining biological activity. The obtained nanosystems can be applied as safe, biodegradable, eco-friendly antifungal products in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agrochemical industries as they increase the biological activity of the tested oils against various type of fungi.

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This study compares the chemical constituents of extracts from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia obtained with the use of ionic liquids and organic solvents, as well as investigates their antifungal and yeasticidal activity. The type of ionic liquid was found to play a significant role in this process. We found that the ionic liquid tris (2-hydroxyethyl) methylammonium methylsulfate is a most efficient extracting agent, superior to classical solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, dichloromethane. The obtained extract revealed high antimicrobial activity against yeasts, fungi pathogenic for plants and bees, dermatophytes, filamentous moulds with similar potencies as the standard fungicides.

A series of new quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) containing a terpenoid moiety derived from perillyl alcohol, citronellol, and geraniol was synthesized. Structures of all novel compounds were confirmed by spectral methods and elemental analyses. Fungicidal activity of the obtained compounds against six plant pathogens, against four fungi destroying wood and technical materials as well as herbicidal activity against ten species of temperate climate weeds has been examined. Several salts showed a higher antifungal and herbicidal activity than activity of the reference compounds.

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