Zastosowanie technologii cyfrowych odgrywa coraz większą rolę w codziennym życiu wszystkich mieszkańców Europy niezależnie od ich wieku, miejsca zamieszkania, płci czy stanu zdrowia. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmiany poziomu cyfryzacji emerytów w krajach europejskich w czasie pandemii COVID-19.W artykule wykorzystano dane dotyczące 14 788 respondentów z badania panelowego SHARE 50+ Corona Survey 2. Dokonano analizy zmian w zakresie poziomu cyfryzacji, wykorzystując drzewa klasyfikacyjne oraz zmienne dotyczące nabywania nowych umiejętności technologicznych, takich jak: wyszukiwanie informacji dotyczących usług publicznych, zarządzanie finansami oraz kupowanie lub sprzedaż przedmiotów lub usług online. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że poziom cyfryzacji emerytów w czasie pandemii COVID-19 podniósł się w grupach osób młodszych wiekowo, między 50. a 70. rokiem życia, a także wśród emerytów mieszkających w Grecji. Zmiana poziomu cyfryzacji w większym zakresie dotyczyła częstotliwości dokonywania zakupów przez Internet niż pozostałych zmiennych.
Flexibilization of employment history is a sign of our time. One of the real consequences of this phenomenon is the risk of a decrease in the level of future pension benefits, which can lead to the deprivation of pension system sustainability. Subsidies from the state budget will be necessary to the inadequate pensions. The paper aims to present how changes in earnings and employment breaks, caused by flexibilization of employment history, will impact the adequacy of pension benefits in Poland. In the research, different scenarios of employment history have been considered. As the method of research, we have used one of the data mining tools—the classification tree method with CART (Classification and Regression Trees) algorithm. The obtained results have shown a crucial role of stable individual promotion of earnings. Significant also is the level of earnings. The lower earnings can be compensated by long periods of seniority or by higher retirement age. Any breaks in work will lead to a reduction in the level of pension benefits and difficulties in maintaining adequacy. The suggestion from the study is that even if you are unemployed or receive a low salary, you should leave at least a low contribution to the pension system.
The aim of the research presented in the article is to characterize retired persons who receive benefits ensuring the maintenance of existing living conditions. The research was conducted with the use of selected data mining methods, such as classification trees, multivariate correspondence and cluster analysis. The paper includes socio-demographic and economic factors, i.e. sex, household type, retirement age, health status and type of pension scheme. The research was conducted on the basis of data from the project ”Share 50+ in Europe”. The presented results allow to identify beneficiary who is not threatened by the so-called pension gap which means the inability to maintain an earlier standard of living due to insufficient retirement benefits.
The paper investigates how four Polish mental predicates, signalling the subject’s of conception thinking process and representing thei think thatconceptualisation, differ in usage and what motivates the difference. The verbs’ first person singular present tense forms, in an objective way, signal the speaker’s, i.e. the subject’s of conception, thoughts about the (ir)reality stored in their mind, whereas the content of clause complementation subjectively reveals the object of conception, namely the realm of one’s thoughts. A quantitative corpus-driven analysis implemented in the study presents how formal, semantic and extra-linguistic ‘usage features’ of the complementation interact with the verbs. The findings suggest that thei think thatconceptualisation shows linguistic variation in Polish dependent on the temporal realm of the situation described in the complementation, the topic of discourse, and the evaluation of the event described.
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