Current research supports that both psychological/physical maltreatment by parents and parent-child relationship quality strongly correlate with children’s psychopathology. Less research has examined the interaction effects among these variables, especially in emerging adults. The current study analyzed the association between psychological/physical maltreatment experienced from one parent and antisocial behaviors displayed by emerging adults, as well as the moderating effect of the other parent’s parent-child relationship quality. This sample included 1,364 emerging adults (953 females, 411 males) who reported on past year psychological and physical maltreatment and parent-child relationship quality. Results indicated that, when considered together, parent-child relationship quality was a stronger predictor of emerging antisocial problems than maltreatment, with the exception of the father-son dyad. Additionally, overall findings suggested that having a high-quality relationship with one caregiver was associated with lower antisocial problems in the context of high maltreatment from the other caregiver. Nevertheless, there were deviations from this norm. Unexpectedly, the lowest antisocial problems in females were associated with higher levels of paternal physical maltreatment combined with higher levels of maternal parent-child relationship quality. Moreover, the combination of low paternal psychological maltreatment and low maternal relationship quality was associated with particularly high antisocial problems in males. It is important to note the findings in the context of this sample of college students, who could be considered an advantaged group relative to some others. Since our sample might not represent our entire population of interest, which is emerging adults, it is important for future studies to examine these relationships across more diverse emerging adults. Practical implications are discussed.
Background: A proportion of those who contract COVID-19 will develop long COVID (i.e., symptoms that persist for three months or more). Childhood trauma contributes to a pro-inflammatory state in adulthood evidenced by high morbidity and early mortality, but it has not yet been investigated as a risk factor for long COVID. Methods: Participants (N=338) completed online measures of premorbid health, COVID-19 positivity, symptoms, recovery, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Questionnaires about childhood and recent traumatic experiences were completed by half of the sample (N=162). Results: Fifty-three percent of participants developed long COVID, of whom over 60% endorsed exercise intolerance and protracted myalgias, headaches, brain fog, and shortness of breath. Participants who experienced at least one childhood traumatic event were 3-fold more likely to develop the syndrome (OR=3.11, 95% CI, 1.49 to 6.48), while risk was nearly 6-fold increased for two or more events (OR=5.67, CI, 2.44 to 13.13). Regression models showed childhood trauma (OR=5.32, CI, 1.44 to 19.68), older age (OR=1.11, CI, 1.06 to 1.16), female sex (OR=4.02, CI, 1.34 to 12.12), along with chest pain (OR=8.77, CI, 2.80 to 27.43), brain fog (OR=3.33, CI, 1.16 to 9.57) and phantosmia (OR=5.90, CI, 1.40 to 24.86) during acute illness accurately classified long COVID status in 87% of participants. Interpretations: Early adversity is a risk-factor for long COVID, likely due to altered immune response, central sensitization, and peripheral dysfunction. Childhood trauma, a crucial social determinant of health, should be routinely assessed in COVID-19 survivors and may aid in determining prognosis.
Abstract. Our study addresses the question, “In what settings, with what age groups, and for what purposes is the Rorschach used internationally?” We present preliminary results from 342 Rorschach users representing 36 different countries from a survey created as part of the US contribution to a larger international project on teaching and using the Rorschach in different countries. The survey was distributed to R-PAS account holders with a request to forward to non-R-PAS users. Of the respondents, 80% used R-PAS, 35% used the CS, and 17% used both. Overall, 91% used the Rorschach with adults, and 43% and 69% with children and adolescents, respectively. The most common setting was private practice (63%). The most common reason for using the Rorschach was differential diagnosis (65%), with psychosis (58%) and personality disorders (56%) as the main diagnoses. US respondents were more likely to use the Rorschach to assess for psychosis (65% vs. 48%), especially emerging psychosis in adolescents (46% vs. 25%). We discuss the strong meta-analytic support for using the Rorschach to assess psychosis, a use supported by even the test’s staunchest critics. We close by discussing study limitations and future directions, such as translating the survey to different languages and implementing a wider distribution.
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