Otitis media (OM), inflammation of the middle ear, is the most common cause of hearing impairment and surgery in children. Recurrent and chronic forms of OM are known to have a strong genetic component, but nothing is known of the underlying genes involved in the human population. We have previously identified a novel semi-dominant mouse mutant, Jeff, in which the heterozygotes develop chronic suppurative OM (Hardisty, R.E., Erven, A., Logan, K., Morse, S., Guionaud, S., Sancho-Oliver, S., Hunter, A.J., Brown, S.D. and Steel, K.P. (2003) The deaf mouse mutant Jeff (Jf) is a single gene model of otitis media. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 4, 130-138.) and represent a model for chronic forms of OM in humans. We demonstrate here that Jeff carries a mutation in an F-box gene, Fbxo11. Fbxo11 is expressed in epithelial cells of the middle ears from late embryonic stages through to day 13 of postnatal life. In contrast to Jeff heterozygotes, Jeff homozygotes show cleft palate, facial clefting and perinatal lethality. We have also isolated and characterized an additional hypomorphic mutant allele, Mutt. Mutt heterozygotes do not develop OM but Mutt homozygotes also show facial clefting and cleft palate abnormalities. FBXO11 is one of the first molecules to be identified, contributing to the genetic aetiology of OM. In addition, the recessive effects of mutant alleles of Fbxo11 identify the gene as an important candidate for cleft palate studies in the human population.
A target for ISRm3 transposition in Rhizobium meliloti IZ450 is another insertion sequence element, named ISRm5. ISRm5 is 1,340 bp in length and possesses terminal inverted repeats of unequal lengths (27 and 28 bp) and contain five mismatches. An open reading frame that spans 89% of the length of one DNA strand encodes a putative transposase with significant similarity to the putative transposases of 11 insertion sequence elements from diverse bacterial species, including ISRm3 from R. meliloti. Multiple copies and variants of ISRm5 occur in the R. meliloti genome, often in close association with ISRm3. Five ISRm5 copies in two strains were studied, and each was found to be located between 8-bp direct repeats. At two of these loci, which were shown to be highly conserved in R. meliloti, the copies of ISRm5 were found to be associated with pairs of short inverted repeats resembling transcription terminators. This structural arrangement not only may provide a conserved niche for ISRm5 but also may be a preferred target for transposition.Insertion sequences (IS) are small transposable elements of DNA that are widespread in bacteria (see references 15 and 16 for reviews). They are responsible for various types of genomic modification, including DNA rearrangement, deletion, and duplication. By transposition, they cause insertional mutations which may disrupt genes or modify their transcription. In Rhizobium meliloti, several mutations affecting symbiotic nitrogen fixation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) have been shown to be the result of spontaneous IS transposition (10,29,33,48). More than 25 distinct IS elements have been found in this species, and it is common for several to occupy the same genome in multiple copies (39, 50). We estimate that most R. meliloti strains carry more than 50 IS copies in total, which, if active in transposition, would be expected to have a considerable effect upon genetic stability. This is consistent with the wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity found within the species generally (11) and in field populations (20,22). As yet, few detailed studies of the IS elements of R. meliloti have been made beyond their distributions and copy numbers. However, it is already clear that there are significant differences in their primary structures and transposition behaviors (10,41,46,47).In this paper, we report the discovery, characterization, and full nucleotide sequence of ISRm5 from R. meliloti IZ450. We describe the structural similarity of two ISRm5-containing loci that are highly conserved in the species. We show that ISRm5 is a target for insertion by ISRm3 (47) and that these IS elements are often closely associated in the R. meliloti genome. ISRm3 and ISRm5 are shown to be structurally distinct elements yet to be related by the similarity of the transposases that they putatively encode. MATERIALS AND METHODSPlasmids, strains, and growth conditions. The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. R. meliloti and Agrobacterium radiobacter were grown in TY med...
Background: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are common, treatable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are highly prevalent in the general US population. Costs associated with diagnosing and treating these conditions for individual states' Medicaid participants are unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost of screening and treatment for 3 common STIs for state Medicaid program budgets in Maryland and South Carolina.Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using Medicaid administrative claims data over a 2-year period. Claims were included based on the presence of one of the 3 study conditions in either diagnosis or procedure codes. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize the participant population and expenditures for services provided.
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