Mozambique continues to experience widespread cholera outbreaks of short duration involving distinct spatial clusters. These findings will influence choice of public health strategies.

Anemia is an increasingly recognized problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To determine the magnitude, severity, and associated factors of anemia among hospitalized children aged 6-59 months, HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected children (a child born to a known HIV-infected mother) with a documented fever or history of fever within the prior 24 hours of hospital admission (N = 413) were included in this analysis. Of 413 children enrolled, 364 (88%) were anemic, with 53% classified as mild anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] 7-9.9 g/dL). The most common diagnoses associated with hospital admission included acute respiratory illness (51%), malnutrition (47%), gastroenteritis/diarrhea (25%), malaria (17%), and bacteremia (13%). A diagnosis of malaria was associated with a decrease in Hb by 1.54 g/dL (P < 0.001). In HIV-infected patients, malaria was associated with a similar decrease in Hb (1.47 g/dL), whereas a dual diagnosis of bacteremia and malaria was associated with a decrease in Hb of 4.12 g/dL (P < 0.001). No difference was seen in Hb for patients on antiretroviral therapy versus those who were not. A diagnosis of bacteremia had a roughly 4-fold increased relative odds of death during hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio = 3.97; 95% CI: 1.61, 9.78; P = 0.003). The etiology of anemia in highburden malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and poor nutrition countries is multifactorial, and multiple etiologies may be contributing to one's anemia at any given time. Algorithms used by physician and nonphysician clinicians in Mozambique should incorporate integrated and non-disease specific approaches to pediatric anemia management and should include improved access to blood culture.

Introduction: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) represents one of the leading cause of diarrhoea in developing countries. In this study a molecular approach was applied for the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) circulating in Maputo, Mozambique. Methodology: All isolates were PCR tested for species-specific genes and for 11 molecular markers: stx1, stx2, eae, bfpA, lt, st, ipaH, aap, aggR CVD432 and daaE. Results: Of the 80 E. coli isolated, 74% were potential DEC: 21% EIEC, 19% EPEC, 15% EAEC, 13% ETEC, 5% DAEC and 1% hybrids. Conclusion: This study revealed the complexity of the etiology of diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli in Mozambique, and the risk of the emergence of new pathogenic variants due to the horizontal transmission of pathogenicity factors.

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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. An association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and higher HPV incidence and prevalence are commonly reported. This study was conducted to demonstrate HPV prevalence, genotypes and its characteristics, according to the HIV status in women from Maputo in Mozambique. Methods: A total of 233 participants with ages ranging from fourteen to forty-five were included. Cervical samples were collected, DNA extracted, and HPV genotyping was performed using the HPV Direct Flow CHIP Kit. Results: In total, 177 HIV-negative and 56 HIV-positive women were included in the analysis. The overall HPV prevalence was 63% and was significantly higher among HIV-positive women (79% versus 58% among HIV-negative women; p = 0.005). The prevalence of multiple HPV type infections was 32%. High-risk HPV types 52, 68, 35, 18 and 16 were the most frequent. A higher proportion of HIV-positive women had multiple HPV types compared with HIV-negative women. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV in the study cohort. HIV-positive women were identified as having the highest HPV prevalence and infection with multiple HPV types across all ages. High-risk genotypes were the most commonly found.