"Replicative stress" is one of the main factors underlying neoplasia from its early stages. Genes involved in DNA synthesis may therefore represent an underexplored source of potential prognostic markers for cancer. To this aim, we generated gene expression profiles from two independent cohorts (France, n = 206; United Kingdom, n = 117) of patients with previously untreated primary breast cancers. We report here that among the 13 human nuclear DNA polymerase genes, DNA Polymerase θ (POLQ) is the only one significantly up-regulated in breast cancer compared with normal breast tissues. Importantly, POLQ up-regulation significantly correlates with poor clinical outcome (4.3-fold increased risk of death in patients with high POLQ expression), and this correlation is independent of Cyclin E expression or the number of positive nodes, which are currently considered as markers for poor outcome. POLQ expression provides thus an additional indicator for the survival outcome of patients with high Cyclin E tumor expression or high number of positive lymph nodes. Furthermore, to decipher the molecular consequences of POLQ up-regulation in breast cancer, we generated human MRC5-SV cell lines that stably overexpress POLQ. Strong POLQ expression was directly associated with defective DNA replication fork progression and chromosomal damage. Therefore, POLQ overexpression may be a promising genetic instability and prognostic marker for breast cancer.specialized DNA replication | prognosis marker | S-phase checkpoint B esides the "replicative" DNA polymerases POLA, POLD, and POLE, which are involved in conventional DNA replication of the undamaged genome, mammalian nuclei contain 10 additional specialized DNA polymerases that play a role in replication, repair, and recombination of damaged DNA (1, 2) and thus may be of paramount importance to preserve the integrity of the genome.Specialized DNA polymerases are frequently deregulated in neoplasia (3-10). Indeed, the intracellular balance between the error-free, replicative polymerases POLA, POLD, and POLE and the error-prone, specialized DNA polymerases (POLH, POLL, POLM, POLN, POLK, POLB, POLI, POLQ, POLZ/REV3L, and REV1) appears to be of great importance for the maintenance of genome stability (11)(12)(13)(14). Here, we wondered whether misregulation of DNA polymerases could be a signature of breast cancer progression. Indeed, beside the standard classification used by pathologists, there is a clear lack of tools to accurately predict the clinical outcome of many patients.We specifically measured the expression levels of the 13 human replicative and specialized DNA polymerases in 206 breast carcinomas. We report that, differently from the replicative and the other specialized DNA polymerases, POLQ was significantly upregulated in most of the breast tumors analyzed. Such up-regulation was associated with poor clinical outcome.POLQ is an error-prone, specialized DNA polymerase that might operate during "normal" genomic replication because it bypasses some endogenous DNA lesions an...

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Graphical abstractT. cruzi II strains accumulate more 8-oxoguanine in the kDNA after hydrogen peroxide-induced 18 oxidative stress than T. cruzi I strains. NT: untreated; T: treated.Research highlights▶ Distinct levels of DNA mismatch repair activity are found among T. cruzi strains. ▶ In T. cruzi and T. brucei, MSH2 has a mitochondrial function involved in the response to oxidative stress.

We characterize a novel human cohesinopathy originated from a familial germline mutation of the gene encoding the cohesin subunit STAG2, which we propose to call STAG2-related X-linked Intellectual Deficiency. Five individuals carry a STAG2 p.Ser327Asn (c.980 G > A) variant that perfectly cosegregates with a phenotype of syndromic mental retardation in a characteristic X-linked recessive pattern. Although patient-derived cells did not show overt sister-chromatid cohesion defects, they exhibited altered cell cycle profiles and gene expression patterns that were consistent with cohesin deficiency. The protein level of STAG2 in patient cells was normal. Interestingly, STAG2 S327 is located at a conserved site crucial for binding to SCC1 and cohesin regulators. When expressed in human cells, the STAG2 p.Ser327Asn mutant is defective in binding to SCC1 and other cohesin subunits and regulators. Thus, decreased amount of intact cohesin likely underlies the phenotypes of STAG2-SXLID. Intriguingly, recombinant STAG2 p.Ser327Asn binds normally to SCC1, WAPL, and SGO1 in vitro, suggesting the existence of unknown in vivo mechanisms that regulate the interaction between STAG2 and SCC1.

Most patents related to drugs for leishmaniasis have not been produced by the pharmaceutical industry but rather by public research institutes or by universities, and the majority of the inventions disclosed are still in preclinical phase. There is an urgent need to find new ways of funding research for leishmaniasis drugs, incentivizing product development partnerships and pushing forward innovation.

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The clinical potential of Angiotensin-(1-7) as a therapeutic agent to treat several pathologies is evidenced by the variety of patents and clinical trials involving this peptide. Cancer treatment is one of the most advanced therapeutic areas, but clinical studies are also available in several other areas, such as cardiovascular, hematological, transplantation, surgical and medical procedures.