Human intelligence is one of the main objects of study in cognitive neuroscience. Reviews and meta-analyses have proved to be fundamental to establish and cement neuroscientific theories on intelligence. The prediction of intelligence using in vivo neuroimaging data and machine learning has become a widely accepted and replicated result. Here, we present a systematic review of this growing area of research, based on studies that employ structural, functional, and/or diffusion MRI to predict human intelligence in cognitively normal subjects using machine-learning. We performed a systematic assessment of methodological and reporting quality, using the PROBAST and TRIPOD assessment forms and 30 studies identified through a systematic search. We observed that fMRI is the most employed modality, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is the most studied predictor, and the Human Connectome Project is the most employed dataset. A meta-analysis revealed a significant difference between the performance obtained in the prediction of general and fluid intelligence from fMRI data, confirming that the quality of measurement moderates this association. The expected performance of studies predicting general intelligence from fMRI was estimated to be r = 0.42 (CI95% = [0.35, 0.50]) while for studies predicting fluid intelligence obtained from a single test, expected performance was estimated as r = 0.15 (CI95% = [0.13, 0.17]). We further enumerate some virtues and pitfalls we identified in the methods for the assessment of intelligence and machine learning. The lack of treatment of confounder variables, including kinship, and small sample sizes were two common occurrences in the literature which increased risk of bias. Reporting quality was fair across studies, although reporting of results and discussion could be vastly improved. We conclude that the current literature on the prediction of intelligence from neuroimaging data is reaching maturity. Performance has been reliably demonstrated, although extending findings to new populations is imperative. Current results could be used by future works to foment new theories on the biological basis of intelligence differences.
Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Psicobiologia Ribeirão Preto -SP 2022 ALICE KAMENSEK SILVA Adaptação do Three Words Three Shapes Test para adultos idosos no Brasil (3W3S-Br) Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências.
Background An adapted version of the Three Words Three Shapes Test (3W3S) is conducted for old Brazilian adults. This study describes the translation, back‐translation, and pilot study of 3W3S‐Br senior Brazilian adults' adaptation process. Method The 3W3S administration and scoring procedures were translated to Brazilian Portuguese by three independent translators. Concomitantly, a panel of specialists selected 18 abstract, regular nouns with the same amount of letters of the original format. The selected words must have had medium to high frequency in Brazilian Portuguese. They should also relate semantically and phonetically to the original ones. A final version was established and back‐translated. The 3W3S‐Br was then applied to 24 participants, divided into two groups, according to forms, of 12 members each (Form A (FA) and Form B (FB)). Inclusion criteria were age between 60‐80 years in the absence of depression, cognitive and functional impairment. The 3W3S‐Br has 5 conditions: 1) Copy (C); 2) Incidental Recall (IR); 3) Learning Trials total (LT), presented in three attempts; 4) Delayed Recall (DR); 5) Recognition (R). Correlations were verified by Pearson coefficient and differences between groups were compared by the Mann‐Whitney test. The analysis was performed by SPSS 28.0 or Windows. Result There were no significant associations between age (mean: 67±5), education (11±5), and sex(42%female) in all conditions of this instrument (p<0,05). Significant positive associations were demonstrated between MMSE and 3W3S‐Br in C (r = 0,481), LT (r = 0,455), DR (r = 0,407), R (r = 0,773). The comparison between alternate forms did not reveal differences in the 5 conditions of the test (p < 0,05). The groups also did not show significant differences between age, education, gender, and occurence of COVID‐19 infection. Conclusion Age, education, and sex did not correlate with 3W3S‐Br, whereas MEEM demonstrated correlations in most of its conditions. Alternate forms did not differ in this group of old Brazilian adults. The first steps of the adaptation process were completed and led to evidence of its clinical utility, granting further investigations. Further studies will be conducted to test psychometric properties and finalize the adaptation process.
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