Organic matter is one of the key factors with a direct impact on the soil fertility. The lack of availability of organic matter and its lack in the soil represent a current pan-European problem. Organic matter in soil plays an unmistakable role in formation of soil and improvement of the physical properties, such as soil water retention, bulk density, soil aggregation capacity, water and air mode of soil, etc. This article discusses the evaluation of influence of compost and compost with Lignohumax applied in the treated strip on changes of selected physical properties of soils. The experiments started in 2017 at two experimental sites in Lednice and Velké Bílovice (Czech Republic). The physical state of the soil was determined by using "Kopecky physical cylinders", the soil structure, moisture and penetrometer resistance were evaluated as well. The obtained results show that the bulk density reduced at both sites ranged from 1.38-1.49 g•cm-3 , the total porosity ranged from 44.09-48.25 % and the water content and aeration of the soil were roughly at the same level. The structure of the soil evaluated according to the structural coefficient was found at Lednice at the beginning of the vegetation 0.71, at the end of the vegetation, after the compost incorporation the values were higher for the variants with the prepared compost (1.38-1.44). At the site of Velké Bílovice the initial values were 0.87 and for the fertilized variants the coefficient increased to 1.99. In addition, the water conditions were better for the fertilized variants at the Lednice station and reached the level of 16.24-17.05 % by weight, while at the site of Velké Bílovice they reached the level 19.46-23.02 % by weight. The penetrometric resistance values did not exceed critical limits for the fertilized variants. In the framework of sustainability, viticulture will address issues related to soil fertility in the upcoming period. Greater attention therefore has to be paid to the replacement of traditional fertilizers, such as manure, by the new fertilizers in the form of compost or digestate.
The results of this study provide overall information on the verification of the effect of applying two different mulching materials of an organic origin to the soil surface in the area between rows of grape vines in vineyards on selected physical and chemical properties of the soil and, at the same time, on the yield and quality parameters of the grape vines (Vitis vinifera L.). During the period under study, 2018–2020, the effect of shredded cereal straw (CS) and compost from garden waste (CO) was investigated. The control variant (CWC) was left without any cover and was regularly cultivated with a coulter cultivator to a depth of 60 mm. During the experiments, meteorological data were monitored and recorded along with soil temperature and soil moisture for each variant. The results show that the lowest temperature was measured for the straw cover variant (11.10–11.87 °C), while the highest soil temperature was measured for compost (11.93–13.16 °C). Under the straw, the moisture level in the soil was higher compared to the other variants, and there was a gradual increase (of 3%) in soil bulk density values compared to the baseline. By contrast, the compost variant showed a decrease (of 1%) in bulk density values. The differences in nutrient content were slight among the variants. The only statistically significant difference was identified for the compost variant with respect to the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Further results demonstrated a positive effect of both mulch material variants on grape yield, which was 6–19% higher in the variants with a cover layer. In addition, the use of mulch also had a positive effect on grape quality. For example, the sugar content—one of the main quality parameters—increased by 1–7% due to the mulch layer. Based on these results, the use of mulching materials can be recommended for areas with low total rainfall during the growing season, as well as when growing varieties with irregular yields and uneven grape quality.
In recent years, research has focused on verifying various ways of dosing organic matter into the soil in Central European conditions. The main reason for this is to search for the optimal management methods for soils with permanent vegetation. In this article, we state and evaluate the results of experiments carried out at the Lednice experimental site (Sauvignon Blanc variety) and the Velké Bílovice experimental site (Pinot Gris variety) between 2018 and 2020. The experiments evaluated the deep placement of compost and compost enriched with lignohumax at a rate of 30 t·ha−1 in the areas around vineyard tree trunks on the basic physical properties of the soil and the yield and quality of grapes. Results proved the positive effect of compost heaps and compost combined with the applied lignohumax on improving soil density (2–10% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant) and porosity, which ultimately resulted in improved soil moisture conditions at both experimental sites (8–25% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant). At the same time, the results demonstrated the positive effect of the applied compost and the chosen method of application on the yield and quality of grapes. In the case of Sauvignon Blanc, the increase in yield in the fertilized variants was 12–34%, while, in the case of Pinot Gris, it ranged from 24 to 33%. Among qualitative indicators, the grapes of both varieties were evaluated for sugar content, total acidity, pH, and amount of yeast assimilable nitrogen. In this case, results were not unambiguous in favor of fertilized variants; however, in most cases, fertilization had a positive effect.
Water erosion is becoming one of the most serious problems in the global scale. It causes soil degradation and damage and reduces capacity of soil production. This paper work discusses and evaluates the results of the impact of several types of cover materials on soil erosion in vineyards in the Czech Republic. The experiment was based on four variants, where three types of cover materials were selected for the protection against soil erosion: grain straw (var. A, consumption of covering material was 1,200 g•m-2), wood chips (var. B, consumption of cover material was 4,000 g•m-2) and compost (var. D, consumption of cover material was 2,000 g•m-2). The fourth control variant (C) consisted of a cultivated interlayer without cover material. During the measurements, the soil was picked up by pockets specifically created and modified for retaining loose soil with the possibility of free flowing of remaining water. The conclusive results of the evaluation indicate the positive effect of the cover materials on the protection of soil erosion even when affecting the soil moisture. From the evaluated variants no trace was recorded using a grain straw cover. Moreover, the highest soil moisture content, during the whole vegetation, was also found when using this. When using wood chips, the value of erosive wash during the observed period was 1 g•m-2 , when using compost, the value was 8 g•m-2. The results showed that the highest soil pitch 15 g•m-2 occurred, when the control variant without the use of cover material was applied. The use of cover materials can therefore be considered as a promising way of soil protection from water erosion. The experiments which have been carried out suggest, from the viticulture practice point of view, that the availability and price of individual cover materials, including the cost of their application, will play a significant role in the application of these anti-erosion measures.
The climate change and growing production of crops increase the demand for the water and the efficient use of water in agriculture becomes more critical. This experiment presents the results of research in the orchard with different irrigation programs and fertigation on yield and quality parameters of the ’Gala‘ and ’Fuji‘ apple tree. Three irrigation programs were applied IR + F – full irrigation with fertigation; IR – full irrigation without fertigation; NON‑IR – non‑irrigation, only natural precipitations. There were no differences observed among these three irrigation programs for tree diameter, sugar content, starch content and fruits firmness (P < 0.05). Significant deficit of water was in program IR and NON‑IR, at the length of annual growth, where the reduction was from from 680 mm to 440 mm at the ‘GALA’ variety. Statistically important differences between the irrigation variants were found out at the variety ‘Fuji’, in parametres yield, fruit weight and fruit diameter. Between programs IR + F and NON‑IR was the difference of fruit weight 25.6 g (14.3 %) and of fruit diameter 4.5 mm (5.8 %).
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