Developing countries have seriously low adoption rates of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) and there is a need to understand why. This paper reviews 31 past studies focusing on the factors influencing the adoption of SAPs. Using a vote count methodology, SAPs adoption is revealed as a complex set of behaviors which depend on a range of socio-economic, agroecological, institutional, informational, psychological factors and perceived attributes. Identified within these six dimensions, male farmers, higher educational attainment levels, bigger farm size, steeper farms, and the presence of land right security emerge as common factors which often lead to adopt SAPs. These factors imply the general importance of economic motivations in facilitating sustainable farm management. In particular, gender, farm topography, and land tenure have a special role in the context of developing countries. These common factors, and other converged factors, lend support to drawing general policymaking guidelines by identifying the characteristics of potential adopters, promotion strategies, and effective communication channels. For effective local management, future research should consider a range of factors from multiple categories and identify the relative importance of statistically significant ones.
Traffic accidents are the reason for 25% of unnatural deaths in Iran. The main objective of this study is to find a simple model for the estimation of economic costs especially in Islamic countries (like Iran) in a straightforward manner. The model can show the magnitude of traffic accident costs with monetary equivalent. Data were collected from different sources that included traffic police records, insurance companies and hospitals. The conceptual framework, in our study, was based on the method of Ayati. He used this method for the estimation of economic costs in Iran. We promoted his method via minimum variables. Our final model has only three available variables which can be taken from insurance companies and police records. The running model showed that the traffic accident costs were US$2.2 million in 2007 for our case study route.
-The issue of solid waste management (SWM) has persisted in most developing countries, like Nigeria. Despite several attempts at local levels to address this, its existence and effects keep on rising in Kano metropolis. This study explores one of the bases in setting priorities for services improvement to choose from among lists of service attributes in choice experiment survey perhaps to minimize the issue of attribute nonattendance. It warrants researchers to know how importance each service attribute is, for the most suitable perceived attributes relative importance. A technique for determining the relative importance of various service attributes to SWM was examined. A Sample of 230 households was determined using Krejcie and Morgan, and questionnaire survey approach was adopted. Data were analyzed using Relative Importance Index. The analysis showed that a relatively simple method using a ranking of multivariate correlation coefficients from high to low might be the most helpful approach for ranking the relative importance attributes. Findings indicated that collection frequency, disposal method, storage facilities, pre-collection and monthly payment were the most appropriate subset of the entire lists which influences waste collection services improvement in Kano Metropolis.
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