Biofouling is a crucial factor in membrane bioreactor (MBR) applications, particularly for high organic loading operations. This paper reports a study on biofouling in an MBR to establish a relationship between critical flux, Jc, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) (ranging from 5 to 20 g L-1) and volumetric loading rate (6.3 kg COD m-3 h-1) of palm oil mill effluent (POME). A lab-scale 100 L hybrid MBR consisting of anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic reactors was used with flat sheet microfiltration (MF) submerged in the aerobic compartment. The food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio was maintained at 0.18 kg COD kg-1 MLSSd-1. The biofouling tendency of the membrane was obtained based on the flux against the transmembrane pressure (TMP) behaviour. The critical flux is sensitive to the MLSS. At the MLSS 20 g L-1 the critical flux is about four times lower than that for the MLSS concentration of 5 g L-1. The results showed high removal efficiency of denitrification and nitrification up to 97% at the MLSS concentration 20 g L-1. The results show that the operation has to compromise between a high and a low MLSS concentration. The former will favour a higher removal rate, while the latter will favour a higher critical flux.
The abundance of rice husk waste in Indonesia and more than 50% of its cellulose content have the potential to become environmentally friendly and renewable energy, including biopellet. The purpose of this research aims to evaluate the addition of adhesives to the biopellet production. Tapioca flour used as adhesives which a concentration were 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) of rice husk waste. Densification process of biopellet production was used by pellet mill machine with a capacity of 120 kg/h. The quality of biopellet product can fulfill the Indonesian biopellet national standard namely SNI 8021:2014. The characterization of biopellet product was to determined the quality of the fuel, which including test of density, water content, fixed carbon content, volatile matter content, and caloric value. The results shows that the characteristics of biopellet of rice husk waste contained tapioca flour concentration (% w/w) 10, 15, and 20 were 8.18, 8.88, 9.18% for water content; 0.81, 0.9, 0.9 g/cm3 of density; 12, 11.17, 11.95% of fly ash content; and 4068, 4013, 4004 cal/g of caloric value. Rice husk waste has the potential as a biopellet solid fuel.
hours to precipitate KCl crystals formed. The precipitate is removed; the solution is taken, filtered, and dried. Results zeolite that has been purified white powdery substance.
Preparation of membranePreparation of membrane is divided into two steps. The first step is to weigh as much as 3 grams and 6 grams of powdered zeolite. Zeolite powder put in a centrifuge bottle and then added 35 ml of 2-propanol. The mixture was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at a speed of 600 rpm. After that, the supernatant liquid on a white precipitate was removed and put in a glass beaker containing a mixture of 3.5 g NH 4 Cl and 200 ml of distilled water. The mixture is then stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour.The next stage is the mixing of sediment mixing zeolite with NH 4 Cl solution, distilled water, PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) and PEG (polyethylene glycol). The solution is heated until all ingredients are mixed with smooth and thickened. After the solution has thickened then printed using a small petri dish and left for 30 hours to dry. Dry membranes are browned and available for use.
Membrane test in crossflow reactorIn this research, we used three variations concentration of
AbstractZeolites are used as raw material to make nanofiltration membrane because they are easily obtained and cheap. The used of zeolite membranes can be an alternative wastewater treatment. One of the potential alternatives for wastewater treatment is nanofiltration membranes with pore size of 0.001 µm filtered high organic content of laundry which contained high turbidity and phospate. The content of turbidity and phosphate in the laundry wastewater is needed to treat before being discharged into river. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of rejection and flux for each variation of concentration. Variation of concentration that used were pure wastewater which dilluted with tap water in ratio 100%, 75%, and 50%. Based on this research, the characteristics of laundry waste water before filtration process are turbidity parameters showed for 100%, 75% and 50% are 151 NTU, 146 NTU, 143 NTU and for phosphate parameters are 31.30 mg/L, 25.8 mg/L and 11.49 mg/L. After filtration process, the highest rejection value of turbidity for each dilluted concentrations 100%, 75%, 50% are 88.46%, 87.82%, 87.58%. The highest flux value for each dilluted concentrations 100%, 75% and 50% are 7,22 L/m
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