In this paper the impact of exports and imports on the economic growth of Somalia over the period 1970-1991 was investigated. The study applied econometric methods such as Ordinary Least Squares technique. The Granger Causality and Johansen Co-integration tests were also used for analysing the long term association. By using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) stationarity test, the variables proved to be integrated of the order one 1(1) at first difference. Johansen test of co-integration was used to determine if there is a long run association in the variables. To determine the direction of causality among the variables, both in the long and short run, the Pair-wise Granger Causality test was carried out. It was found that economic growth does not Granger Cause Export but was found hat export Granger Cause GDP. So this implies that there is unidirectional causality between exports and economic growth. Also there is bidirectional Granger Causality between import and export. The results show that economic growth in Somalia requires export-led growth strategy as well as export led import. Imports and exports are thus seen as the source of economic growth in Somalia.
PurposeThe purpose of the study is to further understanding of entrepreneurship education, highlighting current trends and directions for further research.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used systematic literature review of published articles to collect, evaluate, and interpret entrepreneurship education literature from selected databases between 2009 and 2019. The study reviewed 90 articles from the entrepreneurship education literature. There are several different topics that have been analyzed; with the most researched topic being analyzed was focusing on entrepreneurship education development.FindingsEntrepreneurship education programs have become an increasingly important focus of attention in recent years. This paper deeply investigates the literature on entrepreneurship education to help entrepreneurship education decision makers to develop better solutions.Research limitations/implicationsIt must be noted that this study has some limitations, which suggest avenues for further research. In reviewing the articles, the study used only four databases and only considered papers published between 2009 and 2019. Other studies may include more databases and a longer time frame.Originality/valueRegarding the theories most used in the reviewed articles, TPB and social learning theory (SLT) were most used in relation to entrepreneurship education. This shows that researchers were focusing on the influence of entrepreneurship education in relation to the entrepreneurial intention, behavior and attitude of the individuals.
This Paper Examines the socio-economic consequences of khat usage in Somalia, covering khat usage and habits, willingness to quit, health outcomes, and types of khat used and from where it is imported. A total of 383 face-toface interviews were administered to males aged 18 and above from five districts in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia using a cross-sectional design. The study population was estimated to be 120,000 individuals (4% of the population of Mogadishu).A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select khat chewers and cluster sampling also was used to select the participants. The districts chosen were highly populated areas that act as strategic highways for khat; many khat chewers and sellers live in these districts. The study employed SPSS to analyze the data. The primary benefits of taking khat were found to be excitement and a feeling of well-being (46% and 41%, respectively). The major negative effects were sleeping disorders (83%), reduced appetite (50%), depression (29%), and anxiety (24%). Most respondents realized the negative effects of chewing khat only when it was too late and they were already addicted. Almost everyone (92%) wanted to stop chewing khat. The major reason for wanting to stop chewing khat was the negative health effects. On average, users chewed over 250g of khat per day, spending an average of USD 7.29.Severalscholars have argued that if Somalia did not import khat, the country would be one of the most socio-economically developed countries in Africa. The country would save millions of dollars every day, people who work would contribute their full income to their families, and there would be greater impact on work performance in the areas that promote economic growth. The overall health of the nation would also be improved, further improving socio-economic conditions in Somalia. This study is, to our knowledge, the most detailed study of khat usage in Somalia to date. Several recommendations are made regarding how to effectively reduce both khat usage and the buying and selling of khat.
This paper aims to assess the effects of foreign debt and foreign aid on economic growth in Somalia from 1970 to 2014. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was used and basic model assumption tests were also employed. We used the Augmented Dickey−Fuller (ADF) and Philip-Perron (PP) tests for the unit root and the Johansen cointegration test to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results of the study show that, in Somalia, foreign debt has an insignificant effect on economic growth, while the foreign aid has positive significant effect on economic growth. The results also indicate that the cointegration method confirms the incidence of long-run association among the variables. There is little research regarding the exact relationship between increasing foreign debt and foreign aid on economic growth in Somalia. This study is also different from previous studies as we used ADF and PP tests for the unit root and the Johansen cointegration test for the long-run relationship between the variables. Additionally, the study used multivariate techniques. The paper concludes that foreign aid is essential in economic growth and several policy implications are proposed.
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