This study sought to assess Turkish parents' motivational beliefs, including their role activity and self-efficacy beliefs about their involvement in young children's education. The impact of demographic characteristics on these motivational beliefs was also explored. Parents' motivational beliefs about their involvement were measured by using the adapted Turkish version of the related Level 1 scales from the Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's parent involvement model. The study was conducted with 374 participants who had a child in first or second grade in elementary school. Moreover, a demographic survey was developed and used as the second instrument. The results suggested that Turkish parents as a group tend to have positive motivational beliefs about their involvement in their young children's education. Multiple linear regression analysis results revealed that parents' monthly family income is the strongest predictor of their beliefs for involvement. It was also found that parents' educational backgrounds influence their self-efficacy beliefs about helping their children succeed in school.
Should or can Turkey join the European Union (EU)? This paper argues that there are three alternative scenarios of the EU decision to grant membership to Turkey: 'privileged relationship offer,' 'wait and see attitude,' and 'start of full membership negotiations.' It then gauges each alternative path, and argues that the most likely scenario is a decision to start the negotiations, followed by the scenario of 'wait and see.' The EU decision will be conditioned by its future vision of global governance and the role foreseen for Turkey inside, outside or at the margin of it. The paper concludes that the EU decision will have significant implications for the future of relations between Europe and Turkey on the one hand, and Europe and the Islamic world on the other. q
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