Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to study the introduction of 3D-printing of concrete in the construction sector. Design/Methodology/Approach-A survey was conducted to collect professional view on ongoing innovations in the construction sector, including 3D-printing. Participants were selected among the members of Norwegian networks for project and construction management research. Findings-The survey highlighted effective leadership, collaboration with partners and industry-academia collaboration as primary enablers of innovation. Few of the respondents to the survey have used 3D-printing technologies. Research Limitations/Implications-It is difficult to obtain representative samples in this type of research, including this study. The study can be seen as a snapshot of attitudes in the sector. Practical Implications-3D-printing appear as a potentially interesting technology, especially for unstandardized construction components. Further work is needed to materialise the expectation for technological development in the construction sector. Originality/Value-Most research on 3D-printing has focused on demonstrating technical potential. This study adds a practitioners' perspective, with a large dose of pragmatism.
Pressure and temperature changes during the life of the well (drilling/production) cause some Casing-Casing annulus (CCA) pressure leaks in the annulus between 13 3/8" and 9 5/8" casings, and 13 3/8" and 18 5/8" casings thereby indicating that the well barriers failed to isolate all the zones and subsequently resulting in the migration of the fluid to the surface. Such failures in wellbore isolation prevent us from taking full potential of ourhigh performance wells. Under most failure conditions, tensile strength of a cement has a greater impact on its failure as compared to the cement's compressive strength. Consequently, increasing tensile strength of a cement is higher priority than increasing its relative compressive strength. This can be achieved by using additives such as latex, polyvinyl alcohol or fibers or simply by increasing cement flexibility. The objective of this paper is to discuss the development, testing and field execution of a new type of cement, Self-Healing Durable Cement to mitigate such failures due to pressure or temperature cycling. This new cement was developed utilizing novel components that results in a cement with a reduced Young's Modulus. Lower Young's Modulus makes the cement more elastic in order to resist pressure and temperature cycling, absorb applied stresses and prevent cement cracks. The developed Self-Healing Durable Cement also provides an additional benefit of mechanical properties enhancement as the included additive exhibits swelling and sealing capacity when contacted by hydrocarbon fluids. In the event cracks form in the cement, this will be a path for the fluid to trigger the swelling and self-healing mechanism. The paper includes detailed testing data for thickening time, rheology, free water, settling at different ranges of densities. An additional test was also included to evaluate the durability of the system with time. Mechanical properties testing was performed for cement samples after 10, 20 and 30 days curing at representative targeted field conditions. Single stage triaxial tests were performed on dry cement core plugs to measure static and dynamic properties through ultrasonic and shear velocities. These properties were determined at confining pressures and included the Young's modulus, the Poisson's Ratio, and Peak Strength. Offset wells cemented with conventional formulations have shown CCA pressure with slight oil flows. The developed Self-Healing Durable Cement was applied for 13 3/8" casing covering oil bearing zones. The deployments were declared successful since negative testing and temperature and pressure cycling did not result in any CCA. Ultimately, good cementing performance is always measured by having zero psi casing/casing annulus pressure.
Shallow hazard migration post-cementing is a well-known and costly problem worldwide. It is extremely difficult to fix once it has occurred since limited remedial options are available with marginal success rates. Its causes are easy to understand yet it needs careful planning to prevent it. Post-cementing shallow water flow and gas migration may occur due to several collective causes such as poor fluid displacement efficiencies, losses prior/post or during cement placement, and/or underperforming slurry properties. Previously proposed solutions focus only on one of these challenges with various success rate depending on well conditions. Addressing all these challenges together is essential for successful prevention. Due to the nature of these wells containing the high probability of flow from these shallow hazards, the clearances between pore and fracture pressures are narrow. This makes the common mud removal approach of displacement mechanics challenging. It also requires a delicate balance between maintaining sufficient hydrostatic to remain above the pore pressure of the flow zone and losing to the weak formations. Independent of these boundary conditions, the slurry needs to have a given set of performance properties to prevent any influx into the annulus. This paper discuss the successful implementation of cementing solutions and control measures used to prevent shallow hazards migration in Saudi Arabia. This manuscript will discuss the field implementation and operations documenting the step changes success.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax +1-972-952-9435.Abstract OMV (PAKISTAN) Exploration G m.b.H (along with its JV partners ENI, MND, OGDCL, PPL, and GHPL) has been actively in drilling and stimulating HPHT wells in Pakistan since 1991. Hydraulic fracturing of HPHT wells is one of the most technically challenging operations for well cementing. The challenge is to preserve long-term integrity in these wells with temperatures exceeding 330°F, pressures exceeding 10,000 psi during the fracturing operations, and the presence of corrosive gas (CO 2 and H 2 S). Understanding these technical challenges is a key to designing cement slurries, especially for HPHT wells subject to hydraulic fracturing. Because cementing these wells using conventional cement and practices has not been effective, introducing new technologies and newer cementing techniques has been necessary to ensure the long-term sealing of the cement sheath in these wells.This study covers the long-term zonal isolation challenges that HPHT wells subject to hydraulic fracturing are facing and the new technologies and techniques used to seal these wells by introducing self-healing cement using case studies from actual jobs.
Oil and gas operators are facing more challenges than ever before to sustain production and to effectively minimize workover cost associated with remedial cementing. Previously, achieving the initial hydraulic seal with a good cement bond log was considered the only indicator of complete and durable zonal isolation throughout the lifetime of the well. However, in a well drilled in a stressful environment, the initial zonal isolation can be jeopardized because of the changes in downhole conditions, primarily temperatures and pressures. Such cyclic changes in downhole pressures and temperatures generate radial cracks in cement and can cause the development of microannulus at casing/cement and cement/formation interfaces. Extensive studies have been conducted in the past to understand the technical challenges to designing cement slurries with enhanced mechanical properties regulating the flexibility of set cement to withstand the stressful environment at downhole conditions. However, limited work has been done to evaluate the structural changes and impact on the set cement durability due to the requirement of expansion in set cement to eliminate the risk of microannulus. A new methodology called industrial computed tomography is introduced to investigate the structural changes or cracks in set cement cured with various concentration of expansive additives. The novelty of this new methodology is that it represents a step change in defining the linear expansion requirement for given well conditions without jeopardizing the wellbore integrity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.