The growing occurrences of WLAN, BT, and FM on the same mobile device have created a demand for putting all three on the same die to save on die size, I/O count, BOM, and ultimately cost. Common blocks such as crystal oscillator, bandgap, and power management units can be easily shared. This paper presents a solution in which 802.11a/b/g WLAN, single-stream 11n (SSN) WLAN, BT, and FM subsystem and radio are integrated on a single die. Figure 25.3.1 shows a block diagram of the SOC. The radio supports 802.11a/b/g, SSN, EDR BT, and FM receiver. Crystal oscillator, low-power oscillator, RCAL, bandgap, and PMU are all shared between the different radios. The shared logic block decides which radio should get the control of the shared analog blocks in conjunction with the co-existence algorithm. In the 2.4GHz receive path, a Shared LNA (SLNA) is used to receive both WLAN and BT signals. The SLNA drives both WLAN LNA2 and BT LNA. Current-mode signaling is used to maintain signal integrity over long routing channels since the rest of the BT core resides a few millimeters away. The two-stage LNA receive architecture helps maintain optimum cascaded noise performance over slow PVT corners. For the WLAN receiver, single-weight combiners (SWC) are implemented using signalpath cartesian phase-shifters to improve receive sensitivity by 3dB by using an additional antenna [1]. In the transmit path, the BT transmitter has the option to use either the WLAN path for output power up to 20dBm or its low-power legacy BT path for better efficiency. The WLAN 2.4GHz load of the mixer serves as the load for the BT mixer output. Two cascaded common-gate stages are employed to pass the BT transmit signal into the WLAN transmit path. The cascaded common-gate stage enables the 2.4GHz BT Tx signal to be routed over long distance and ensures good reverse isolation. Additional shunt and series switches close to the tapping points are used to minimize the loading effect and increase isolation when both WLAN and BT are transmitting at the same time using separate PAs.To remove the need for external baluns, both SLNA and PA use on-chip transformers to convert differential signals to 50 ohms single-ended. The SLNA uses a common-gate input stage with cross-coupled capacitors for wideband matching and noise cancellation [2]. By utilizing the on-chip transformer, two AC coupling capacitors and two shunt inductors can be removed. The SLNA achieves gain of 26dB, noise figure of 3.5dB, and IIP3 of -2dBm all including loss of the transformer. The PA is a pseudo-differential common-source amplifier with transformer as its load. Tuning capacitors at the load are used to match the PA for maximum power and efficiency [3]. For the input stage, core NMOS transistors are used to get the maximum current gain at the input stage. High-voltage NMOS devices are used for the cascode devices to handle the very large voltage swings at its drain. Care must be given to make sure that the input devices are not subject to higher voltages at their drains than they can handle. ...
Objective: To determine deficiency of vitamin B12 among patients on metformin due to type II diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational study. Setting: Department of General Medicine, Naz Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Period: April 2020 to March 2021. Material & Methods: After ethical approval and informed consent patients of type II diabetes on single oral hypoglycemic drug metformin for at least six months, in-between 25-60 years of age, on 850 mg metformin twice a day were included. Patients with history of metformin use in addition to another oral hypoglycemic drug were excluded. SPSS was used for data analysis. Quantitative data was expressed as mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables as frequency and percentages. Chi-square test was applied keeping p-value <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: From 240 patients with mean age of patients was 44.62 ± 5.5 years with a mean BMI of 30.91 ± 2.74 kg/m2. Mean hemoglobin was 11.5 ± 1.3 g/dl and mean hematocrit of 34.77 ± 5.58%, mean glycosylated hemoglobin 7.34 ± 0.73%, mean duration of diabetes mellitus 2.60 ± 0.7 years, mean use of metformin 1.99 ± 0.7 years. Mean level of vitamin B12 was 240 ± 76.6 pg/ml. Normal vitamin B12 level, >300 pg/ml was observed in 41 (17.1%), borderline level in 97 (40.4%) while deficiency in 102 (42.5%) of patients. Conclusion: Majority of patients were found to have either borderline or deficiency of vitamin B 12. Furthermore, amongst the patients having vitamin B 12 deficiency, a significant difference in-between the deficiency of vitamin B 12 was found among females when compared to males.
Background and Objective: The rise in incidence and prevalence of cases of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has made it a disease of public health concern especially in under-developed countries. Timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment, the only effective strategy to break the chain of transmission in the community, is a caveat in the measures taken for its prevention. The objective of this study was to determine frequency and the reasons behind delay in initiating treatment after being diagnosed with HIV among patients presenting to a public sector hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the HIV center of Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat for six months after approval from ERB. About 200 diagnosed HIV patients fulfilling the selection criteria were included in the study after an informed consent. Data were collected by personal interviews and information regarding their timing of initiation of therapy and reasons behind delay in treatment were noted in a questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 23.0 and cross tabulation was done keeping p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Among 200 study participants, mean age was 26.5 ± 5.68 years including 126 (63%) males and 74 (27%) females. About 34 (17%) of patients were found to have a delay in initiation of treatment for more than 6 months. Patients reported multiple reasons behind the delay in initiation of treatment the most frequent was being in denial in which they did not believe the test results 32 (94%) followed by difficulty in accessing health care 28 (82.3%). Age was found to be significantly related with delay (p= <0.001) while relationship of gender with delay in treatment was found to be insignificant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a considerable proportion of patients diagnosed with HIV delay their treatment because of lack of acceptance of results or access to health care. Proper educational session of these patients along with increasing the accessibility to health care facilities can result in timely management and better outcomes in these patients.
Malignant bone tumors (MBT) account for 3% to 5% of cancers in children younger than 15 years. We aimed to report the outcome of children with MBT in 10 years in Southern Iran. During the study period, 100 patients (57 Osteosarcoma, 43 Ewing sarcoma) with an M/F ratio of 1.56 and a median age of 13.8 years (3.8-17.9) were diagnosed. Metastasis occurred in 27% of patients, mostly in the first 3 months of diagnosis. The mean survival time of MBT altogether was 94.1 months (95% CI: 86.5-101.7). The 5-year overall survival and event-free survivals were 85.2% (95% CI: 74%-91.8%) and 69.2% (95% CI: 56%-79%), respectively. Metastasis was the only independent risk factor of death in our study cohort (Hazard ratio 36.7, 95% CI: 4.8-282.6, P = .001) MBT in children mostly occur in adolescent boys. About one-third of them become metastatic, which is significantly associated with poor outcomes.
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