Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been exploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with significantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche applications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on radiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are directly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy, surgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other imaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of lower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide imaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear accelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport in tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to small animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for additional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing or radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI for both medical value and biological insight. References and links 1. P. Čerenkov, "Visible radiation produced by electrons moving in a medium with velocities exceeding the of light," Phys. Rev. 52(4), 378-379 (1937). 2. P. Čerenkov, "Visible Emission of Člean Liquids by Action of $\gamma$ Radiation," Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 2, 451-454 (1934). 3. R. H. Elrick and R. P. Parker, "The use of Cerenkov radiation in the measurement of beta-emitting radionuclides," Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 19(3), 263-271 (1968). 4. M. K. Johnson, "Counting of Čerenkov radiation from 32P in nonaqueous media," Anal. Biochem. 29(2), 348-350 (1969). 5. F. L. Hoch, R. A. Kuras, and J. D. Jones, "Iodine analysis of biological samples by neutron activation of 127-I, with scintillation counting of Čerenkov radiation," Anal. Biochem. 40(1), 86-94 (1971). 6. G. Bosia, C. Castagnoli, M. Dardo, and G. Marangoni, "Observation of structure in Čerenkov pulses from extensive air showers using fast techniques," Nature 225(5232), 532-533 (1970). 7. W. C. Haxton, "Salty water Čerenkov detectors for solar neutrinos," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(10), 1562-1565 (1996). Chen, "PET and NIR optical imaging using self-illuminating (64)Cu-doped chelator-free gold nanoclusters," Biomaterials 35(37), 9868-9876 (2014). 72.

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We propose a new and complementary approach to image guidance for monitoring medical interventional devices (MID) with human tissue interaction and surgery augmentation by acquiring acoustic emission data from the proximal end of the MID outside the patient to extract dynamical characteristics of the interaction between the distal tip and the tissue touched or penetrated by the MID. We conducted phantom based experiments (n = 955) to show dynamic tool/tissue interaction during tissue needle passage (a) and vessel perforation caused by guide wire artery perforation (b). We use time-varying auto-regressive (TV-AR) modelling to characterize the dynamic changes and time-varying maximal energy pole (TV-MEP) to compute subsequent analysis of MID/tissue interaction characterization patterns. Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the TV-AR spectrum and the TV-MEP indicated the time instants of the needle path through different phantom objects (a) and clearly showed a perforation versus other generated artefacts (b). We demonstrated that audio signals acquired from the proximal part of an MID could provide valuable additional information to surgeons during minimally invasive procedures.

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There is not a significant difference between the results of 6- and 12-month 99mTc-DMSA follow-up scans. A follow-up 99mTc-DMSA scan should be performed 12 months after the acute scan to yield a more accurate diagnosis of permanent renal damage. If present, long-term follow-up of patients is necessary.

Abstract. In this study, nanosuspension of stable iodine ( 127 I) was prepared by nanoprecipitation process in microfluidic devices. Then, size of particles was optimized using artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling. The size of prepared particles was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The response surfaces obtained from ANNs model illustrated the determining effect of input variables (solvent and antisolvent flow rate, surfactant concentration, and solvent temperature) on the output variable (nanoparticle size). Comparing the 3D graphs revealed that solvent and antisolvent flow rate had reverse relation with size of nanoparticles. Also, those graphs indicated that the solvent temperature at low values had an indirect relation with size of stable iodine ( 127 I) nanoparticles, while at the high values, a direct relation was observed. In addition, it was found that the effect of surfactant concentration on particle size in the nanosuspension of stable iodine ( 127 I) was depended on the solvent temperature.

BackgroundPresent study was an attempt to measure outdoor and indoor gamma dose rates in Bushehr city to determine corresponding annual effective dose and, to assess effect of active nuclear power plant located in Bushehr city on background radiation level of this city.MethodsAll measurements were performed by G.M (Geiger Muller) detector (X5C plus) calibrated in Iran Atomic Energy Agency. In order to avoid effects of ground on outdoor and indoor measurements, G.M detector was placed one meter higher than ground level. Also, during the outdoor measurements, G.M detector was used at least six meters away from the walls of any building nearby to avoid unwanted effects of the materials used in the buildings on measurements.ResultsAverage gamma dose rates of outdoor and indoor measurements were determined as 51.8 ± 8.8 nSv/h and 60.2 ± 7.2 nSv/h, respectively. Annual effective dose due to background gamma radiation was calculated as 0.36 mSv which was lower than average global level.ConclusionsThe average annual effective dose from background gamma radiation in Bushehr city was less than global level. Comparison of the results of present study, as follow up, with previous attempt performed in 2004 to determine effective dose of environmental gamma radiation in Bushehr province revealed that, during eight years, nuclear power plant located in this city has not significantly increased level of annual effective dose of Bushehr city.