Development of green based synthesis of nanoparticles has been regarded as a novel and safe alternative method compared to conventional methods. Semiconductor cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) possess unique biological and medical applications includes labeling cells, diagnosing of diseases and imaging intercellular events. The present paper reports the biosynthesis of CdS QDs through aqueous extracts of the regenerated hairy roots of Rhaphanus sativus L. as the organic source for both reducing and stabilizing of Cd and S precursor ions. The characterization of synthesized QDs showed maximum absorbance peak of 460 nm and fluorescence spectrum of cadmium sulfide at 530 nm. The results of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and EDS analysis demonstrated that the particles were morphologically spherical with size distribution between 2-7 nm and confirmed presence of CdS QDs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) also showed the active presence of aromatic, amino, and carboxyl groups on the surface of quantum dots. Cytotoxicity effect of the synthesized CdS QDs on two cell lines include MCF-7 breast cancer and AGS gastric cancer were assayed through MTT assay. The results showed significant inhibitory effects of synthesized QDs on treated cells in a dose dependent manner. It was also concluded that CdS QDs had more apoptosis effect on MCF-7 cells rather than AGS cell lines. The obtained results clearly illustrated that the synthesis of CdS quantum dots with standard features would be possible through costeffective, reliable, environmentally friendly and less toxic alternative method compared to chemical and physical processes and the MTT toxicity assay also illustrated the significant apoptotic effects of synthesized CdS QDs on carcinogenesis.
Background Antibiotics have been widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections for decades. However, the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has created many problems with a heavy burden for the medical community. Therefore, the use of nanoparticles as an alternative for antibacterial activity has been explored. In this context, metal nanoparticles have demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of naked cerium oxide nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solution (CNPs) and surface-stabilized using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a bacterial model. Methods Gelatin-polycaprolactone nanofibers containing CNPs (Scaffold@CNPs) were synthesized, and their effect on P. aeruginosa was investigated. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of the nanoparticls were determined in an ATCC reference strain and a clinical isolate strain. To determine whether the exposure to the nanocomposites might change the expression of antibiotic resistance, the expression of the genes shv, kpc, and imp was also investigated. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the CNPs was assessed on fibroblast using flow cytometry. Results Minimum bactericidal concentrations for the ATCC and the clinical isolate of 50 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL were measured, respectively, when the CNPs were used. In the case of the Scaffold@CNPs, the bactericidal effect was 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL for the ATCC and clinical isolate, respectively. Interestingly, the exposure to the Scaffold@CNPs significantly decreased the expression of the genes shv, kpc, and imp. Conclusions A concentration of CNPs and scaffold@CNPs higher than 50 μg/mL can be used to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa. The fact that the scaffold@CNPs significantly reduced the expression of resistance genes, it has the potential to be used for medical applications such as wound dressings.
the study of salt tolerance mechanisms in halophyte plants can provide valuable information for crop breeding and plant engineering programs. the aim of the present study was to investigate whole transcriptome analysis of Aeluropus littoralis in response to salinity stress (200 and 400 mM nacl) by de novo RNA-sequencing. To assemble the transcriptome, Trinity v2.4.0 and Bridger tools, were comparatively used with two k-mer sizes (25 and 32 bp). The de novo assembled transcriptome by Bridger (k-mer 32) was chosen as final assembly for subsequent analysis. In general, 103290 transcripts were obtained. The differential expression analysis (log 2 fc > 1 and FDR < 0.01) showed that 1861 transcripts expressed differentially, including169 up and 316 down-regulated transcripts in 200 mM NaCl treatment and 1035 up and 430 down-regulated transcripts in 400 mM NaCl treatment compared to control. In addition, 89 transcripts were common in both treatments. The most important over-represented terms in the GO analysis of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) were chitin response, response to abscisic acid, and regulation of jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway under 400 mM NaCl treatment and cell cycle, cell division, and mitotic cell cycle process under 200 mM treatment. in addition, the phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process term was common in both salt treatments. Interestingly, under 400 mM salt treatment, the PRC1 complex that contributes to chromatin remodeling was also enriched along with vacuole as a general salinity stress responsive cell component. Among enriched pathways, the MAPK signaling pathway (ko04016) and phytohormone signal transduction (ko04075) were significantly enriched in 400 mM NaCl treatment, whereas DNA replication (ko03032) was the only pathway that significantly enriched in 200 mM NaCl treatment. Finally, our findings indicate the salt-concentration depended responses of A. littoralis, which wellknown salinity stress-related pathways are induced in 400 mM NaCl, while less considered pathways, e.g. cell cycle and DNA replication, are highlighted under 200 mM NaCl treatment. Soil salinity is an important challenge for food security and sustainable agriculture in the world 1. Salt stress negatively influences the growth, development, and yield of agricultural products 2-4. Higher plants adapt to different environmental stresses by complex molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms. The transcriptional alteration of stress-related genes is one of the key approaches at molecular level to cope with adverse conditions 5,6. Plants employ complicated strategies such as ion homeostasis, osmotic regulation, antioxidant systems, and signaling pathways of phytohormones and MAPK to tolerate salinity stress 6. Although our knowledge on this area is increasing continuously, but the molecular basis of salt resistance is not still well understood. Various omics technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, genomics and metabolomics are used for investigation of plant molecular responses 7,8. Am...
Hop stunt viroid as the causal agent of cachexia disease has detected from citrus trees in different areas in Iran. Although cachexia has not been reported as a decline disease for citrus trees, it can impair crop quality and reduce plant yields. This study was undertaken to molecularly detect HSVd among different commercial citrus cultivars and determine genetic diversity of this viroid in Mazandaran province of Iran. Sampling was performed from symptomatic and symptomless citrus cultivars in Mazandaran province. HSVd specific primers were used for molecular detection. SSCP and sequencing were applied to assay HSVd genetic diversity. Results showed the detection of HSVd in all symptomatic Satsuma (25 out of 25), Clementine (25 out of 25), sweet lime (20 out of 20) and sweet orange cv. Valencia (7 out of 7), as well as, 31% (14 out of 22), 100% (12 out of 12) and 33% (5 out of 15) of page mandarin, lemon and grapefruit trees, respectively. 10 different HSVd genomes were identified by sequencing the SSCP profiles among which HSVd‐IR1 had the most frequency.
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