Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the far most common endocrine disorder among sexually active women. The disease is typically characterized by irregular menstrual cycles and appears to be influenced by associated thyroid dysfunction. Aim: The goal of this research was to assess and compare the effects of Metformin and its combination with Probiotic on monthly cycle irregularity and TSH levels in PCOS women. Methodology: This was a single-center study conducted at Karachi's Gynecological Outpatient department from January 2019 to September 2019. A total of 52 PCOS patients aged 18 to 40 years were included in this trial, which followed Rotterdam criteria. After providing written and consent form, individuals were randomized into one of the two groups and received Metformin 500 mg TD (n = 26) or Metformin Combination (n = 26). Results: After three months of treatment, both groups improved in terms of menstrual cycle irregularity and TSH levels, but the combination treatment improved the most. Conclusion: Probiotics may be considered in conjunction with Metformin for improving TSH levels to achieve better results.
Introduction: Status of oral health depends on diet that we consume on daily basis. Diet does not predispose tissues of oral cavity at risk but it’s the change in pH that leads to acidic oral environment causing dry mouth, tooth decay, erosion and bad breath. Potential role of various foods in enamel demineralization has been evaluated. The decreased pH for longer durations ultimately leads to enamel dissolution and lesion formation. the current study is aimed to evaluate the change in pH in oral cavity after consumption of Milk, Milk with added sugar, carbonated drink and fresh lemon juice. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted at tertiary care hospital of Karachi from November 2020 to January 2021. An elementary school was contacted for permission access to recruit the teen ager students (13-16year) of either gender. The total calculated sample size at 50% proportion of school strength was 140 students that were further divided into 4 groups i.e., 35 students / group. Recruited participants were educated regarding the study protocols and aims moreover they were divided into groups (Group A, B, C and D) randomly and milk, milk with added sugar, carbonated drink and fresh lemon juice was given to participants to drink in respective order of grouping. After consumption of specific drink pH readings were recorded after 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. Saliva was obtained in sterile container for 5 times from one participant. The salivary pH was directly estimated using the digital pH meter (SIGMA pH meter: model number 131) calibrated with buffers of pH 4 and 7. Results: The mean age of participants was 13.9 ± 2.3 years. There were 89 (63.5%) females and 51 (36.4%) males. Most of the participants were from 8th and 9th class. The decrease in pH of saliva after consumption of either drink was observed in all groups when compared to controls. The paired t test analysis revealed a significant (p-value=0.002) decrease in pH after 15 minutes and that acidic level of pH was maintained for 30 minutes (p-value=0.037). ANOVA analysis showed insignificant relation among all groups after having beverages. As after two hours salivary pH returned to normal range when compared to control. Conclusion: There was no any difference in salivary pH after consuming milk, milk with added sugar, carbonated drink and fresh lemon juice after 15 minutes. After 2 hours pH of saliva reverts to its normal value.
Aim: To determine the knowledge and attitude of medical undergraduates towards COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Quaid-e Azam medical college from June 2020 to August 2020. Methodology: The undergraduate students enrolled in 1st year to final year of MBBS were included in the study. A proforma was prepared by using the Google Docs and validated before starting the study. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.78. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20. All the qualitative variables were presented as frequency and percentages while quantitative as mean and standard deviation. Knowledge score was compared with demographic variables by using independent t-test and one-way ANOVA test, as appropriate. p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: About 56% of the participants were female while remaining 44% were male, majority of them i.e. 51.6% were mediocre. Majority were from 3rd year and final year i.e. 25.2% and 24.4% respectively. Looking over the mean knowledge score the final year students having more knowledge about COVID-19 then the other students from different years, among them the female participants were having more knowledge score then their male counterparts with significant highly p-value. Comparing knowledge score with socioeconomic status reported that upper class was having higher score. Over-all 74% of final year students answered correctly to all of the questions regarding knowledge towards COVID-19. Considering specifically the attitude of medical students towards COVID-19, majority of the students including all years of MBBS, like to get more information about COVID-19. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Pakistani undergraduate students of MBBS are having good knowledge about COVID-19. They are also well-aware of the protective measures which should be taken. In comparison, final year students having the higher level of knowledge then the students of other years of MBBS. All the students having positive attitude for stopping COVID-19.
Objective: Antibacterial effects of Cranberry fruit extract on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Extended Spectrum beta lactamase producing E. coli and its comparison with Linezolid and Meropenem. Materials and Methods: It is a Pre Clinical (in-vitro) study conducted in Ziauddin University from January 2020 to October 2020. All samples were collected from Ziauddin University. All clinical samples were collected inform of pus, urine, blood, tracheal aspirations, patients admitted in surgical and medical wards, intensive care units and outdoor patients who were attending clinics. All these samples were transported to Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Ziauddin hospital, North Nazimabad campus and then culture and sensitivity test were performed there. Sample showing double growth and contamination on agar plates were excluded from study. Results: Out of 80 samples included in this study 46(57.5%) were female and 34(42.5%) samples were male; female to male samples ratio of 1.35:1.The mean age was 45.71±11.83 years. MRSA commonly found in pus swab 15(37.5%) and 21(52.5%) ESBL producing E. coli found in urine samples. 14(35%) samples were observed anti-bacterial activity of cranberry fruit extracts against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli at 50 mg/ml concentration, followed by 10(25%) and 9(22.5%) samples at 60 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml were respectively. While resistance of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coliwere observed high at different concentration level of cranberry fruit extracts. Good anti-bacterial activity of cranberry fruit extracts observed against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at different levels of concentration 20(50%), 23(57.5%), 21(52.5%), 26(65%), 29(72.5%) samples were 20 mg/ml,30mg/ml,40mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 60mg/ml respectively. Most superior and best dose of cranberry fruit extract against Staph Aureus in about 72.5% (29) at 60mg/ml and their Comparison with linezolid and meropenem against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and found best positive results as compared with Linezolid and found significant p value 0.005. Conclusions: Cranberry extract has a lot of potential to prove itself to be a good antimicrobial agent. The cranberry fruit extract has high antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S.aureus and resistant strains of E. coli in comparison to linezolid and meropenem.
Aim: To find out the most frequent head and neck sites of origin of referred otalgia. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at the ENT department of Bahawal Victoria hospital Bahawalpur during January 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: About 500 patients with ear ache were examined and after exclusion 150 were finally analyzed. Detailed history of the patient and clinical examination were done along with radio imaging and endoscopic studies wherever needed. Diagnosis of referred otalgia was made after having normal ear examination along with pathology lying at different head and neck region which share common sensory innervation. For analysis SPSS version-20 was used. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 28.23 ±13 years. The majority of participants were having otalgia of tonsillar origin followed by dental origin and pharyngitis with 31.3%, 23.3% and 16% respectively. Very few of them having otalgia originating from hypopharyngeal carcinoma and laryngeal carcinoma i.e. 3.3% and 2% respectively. While only 4.7% of otalgia were of unknown origin. Female participants were having higher frequency of otalgia which is originated from diseases of temporomandibular joint, hypopharyngeal carcinoma and otalgia of unknown origin in comparison to male participants but differences were insignificant. Otalgia originated from tonsillar and dental causes and due to pharyngitis were most common among the younger age group but having non-significant p-value. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the patients presenting with ear pain, have sometimes no underlying ear pathology. If the ear examination is normal then it is important to examine all other sites of head and neck which share sensory innervation with the ear including teeth, tonsils, pharynx, larynx, nose and paranasal sinuses to find out the exact cause of referred otalgia.
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