The depletion of natural resources and the intermittence of renewable energy resources have pressed the need for a hybrid microgrid, combining the benefits of both AC and DC microgrids, minimizing the overall deficiency shortcomings and increasing the reliability of the system. The hybrid microgrid also supports the decentralized grid control structure, aligning with the current scattered and concentrated load scenarios. Hence, there is an increasing need to explore and reveal the integration, optimization, and control strategies regarding the hybrid microgrid. A comprehensive study of hybrid microgrid’s performance parameters, efficiency, reliability, security, design flexibility, and cost-effectiveness is required. This paper discusses major issues regarding the hybrid microgrids, the integration of AC and DC microgrids, their security and reliability, the optimization of power generation and load management in different scenarios, the efficient management regarding uncertainty for renewable energy resources, the optimal placement of feeders, and the cost-effective control methodologies for the hybrid microgrid. The major research areas are briefly explained, aiming to find the research gap that can further improve the performance of the grid. In light of the recent trends in research, novel strategies are proposed that are found most effective and cost-friendly regarding the hybrid microgrid. This paper will serve as a baseline for future research, comparative analysis, and further development of novel techniques regarding hybrid microgrids.

Hybrid nanofluid has an extensive range of real-world applications. Hybrid nanofluid is a new and advanced nanofluid modification extensively used to increase thermal efficiency in fluid flow systems. The main objective of this research is to study magnetohydrodynamics hybrid nanofluid flow numerically in two dimensional over a vertical exponentially shrinking sheet, considering the effects of Joule heating and thermal slip condition. Furthermore, using the Tiwari-Das model, the influence of the suction parameter on variations of reduced skin friction and reduced heat transfer is also explored. The hybrid nanofluid in this research is an Al2O3+Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, in which water is the base fluid, and two types of solid nanoparticles, namely Alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu), are combined together. The governing partial differential (PDEs) equations are transformed into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using exponential similarity variables. The resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are numerically solved using the three-stage Labatto III-A technique in the "MATLAB software's" bvp4c solver. Hybrid nanofluids have greater thermal efficiency than nanofluids and base fluid. Dual solutions are obtained in specified ranges of suitable parameters. The temperature profile rises in both solutions as the Eckert value enhances. Besides, In the first and second solutions, the thermal boundary layer thickness decreased gradually as the thermal slip parameter increased. Finally, the conclusions presented that solution duality exists when the suction parameter , while no flow of fluid is possible when .

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