For companies, notably in the realms of energy and power supply, the essential requirement for highly efficient thermal transport solutions has become a serious concern. Current research highlighted the use of metallic oxides and carbon-based nanofluids as heat transfer fluids. This work examined two carbon forms (PEG@GNPs & PEG@TGr) and two types of metallic oxides (Al2O3 & SiO2) in a square heated pipe in the mass fraction of 0.1 wt.%. Laboratory conditions were as follows: 6401 ≤ Re ≤ 11,907 and wall heat flux = 11,205 W/m2. The effective thermal–physical and heat transfer properties were assessed for fully developed turbulent fluid flow at 20–60 °C. The thermal and hydraulic performances of nanofluids were rated in terms of pumping power, performance index (PI), and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). The heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids improved the most: PEG@GNPs = 44.4%, PEG@TGr = 41.2%, Al2O3 = 22.5%, and SiO2 = 24%. Meanwhile, the highest augmentation in the Nu of the nanofluids was as follows: PEG@GNPs = 35%, PEG@TGr = 30.1%, Al2O3 = 20.6%, and SiO2 = 21.9%. The pressure loss and friction factor increased the highest, by 20.8–23.7% and 3.57–3.85%, respectively. In the end, the general performance of nanofluids has shown that they would be a good alternative to the traditional working fluids in heat transfer requests.

Urban areas are mostly heterogeneous due to settlements and vegetation including forests, water bodies and many other land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Due to the overwhelming population pressure, urbanization, industrial works and transportation systems, urban areas have been suffering from a deficiency of green spaces, which leads to an increase in the variation of temperature in urban areas. This study investigates the conceptual framework design towards urban green space (UGS) and thermal variability over Kolkata and Howrah city using advanced remote sensing (RS) and geospatial methods. The low green space is located in the highly built-up area, which is influenced by thermal variations. Therefore, the heat stress index showed a high area located within the central, north, northwestern and some parts of the southern areas. The vegetated areas decreased by 8.62% during the ten years studied and the other land uses increased by 11.23%. The relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed significant changes with R2 values between 0.48 (2010) and 0.23 (2020), respectively. The correlation among the LST and the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) showed a notable level of change with R2 values between 0.38 (2010) and 0.61 (2020), respectively. The results are expected to contribute significantly towards urban development and planning, policymaking and support for key stakeholders responsible for the sustainable urban planning procedures and processes.

Graphene has piqued the interest of many researchers due to its superior mechanical, thermal, and physiochemical properties. Graphene nanoplatelets with covalently functionalized surfaces (CF-GNPs) were employed in turbulent-heated pipes to undertake thermal and economic studies. CF-GNPs and distilled water were used to make the current nanofluids at various mass percentages, such as 0.025, 0.05, 0.075%, and 0.1 wt.%. In the range of 6,401 Re 11,907, the thermal system was heated up to 11,205 W/m2 under fully developed turbulent flow conditions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, nanoparticle sizer, and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to examine the morphological features and characterise the particles. In addition, the current thermal system’s economic performance was assessed to estimate its price-to-operate ratio. There was a 16.10% reduction in heat exchanger size for 0.025 weight percent, 0.05 weight percent, 0.075 weight percent, and 0.1 weight percent. In addition, the power needed for the base fluid was 422 W, which was then lowered to 354 W, 326 W, 315 W, and 298 W for 0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.075 wt.%, and 0.1 wt.%, respectively.

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In this paper, we carried out the XRD results and 3D structural models of short-range order of amorphous cellulose obtained by ball milling of microcrystalline cellulose. The amorphous cellulose has the well-reproducible effect of influence of ozone treatment on its proton conductivity, which allows to use this material as a gas sensor. Calculation of the quantitative characteristics of the short-range order (radii of coordination spheres and their dispersions, coordination numbers) of amorphous cellulose was carried out from distribution pair functions curve by using the Finback-Warren method. The space atoms configurations was carried out by Debye method. After that, the models were distorted by converting into packages disoriented relative to each other layers. The X-Ray diffraction patterns were calculated for 3D models and compared with experimental curves.

Beta particle has a huge applications in industry,  medicine and research fields. The aim of the present study is to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients  (μ / ρ)β_ and the range of Rβ- for negative beta particles within the energy range (0.257-2.25) MeV for 13Al and 79Au respectively. Use the equation of Kisse and Vertes to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient and the Tabata equations to calculate the range of electrons in the same elements. All the equations were adopting by the program (Visual studio professional 2012). The results we obtained were compared with the available experimental one, indicating that they are in good agreement, thus supporting the possibility of applying them to other elements effectively. As for the range it is a function of the negative beta particle energy and then the range in the aluminum is greater than the of the values in gold due to the electronic density of the gold element.

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