Antik uygarlıklardan bu yana arı ürünleri insan, hayvan ve bitki sağlığını iyileştirmek için kullanmaktadır. "Apiterapi" adı verilen bu yöntem, doğal ürünlerin kullanımına bağlı olması nedeniyle, beşerî hekimlikte "destekleyici/tamamlayıcı uygulama" niteliğindedir. Bal, polen, arı sütü, arı zehri, propolis, arı ekmeği ve apilarnil arı ürünleri olup değişik uygulama biçimlerinde, değişik ekstrakt, dilüsyon ve dozlarda hayvan sağlığı için kullanılmaktadır (1).Propolis, Yunancadan gelen bir kelime (Pro-polis: şehir savunması-bölge savunması) olup; ağaç kabuklarından, bitkilerin filiz, dal ve tomurcuklarından işçi arılar (Apis mellifera) tarafından toplanıp arka bacaklarındaki polen sepetçiklerinde kovana taşıdıkları; reçinemsi maddeleri ve bitki nektarlarını, başının arka tarafında bulunan salgı bezlerinden salgılanan enzimlerle biyokimyasal değişikliğe uğratarak ve bir miktar bal mumuyla muamele ederek oluşturdukları, elde edildiği bitki popülasyonuna göre koyu kahverenginden açık sarıya kadar değişen renk ve kıvamda, oda sıcaklığında genellikle yarı katı halde olan organik yapışkan bir maddedir (2). Doğada arılar, kovanın girişini, her türlü çatlağını, kovanda öldürülen düşmanları ve ölen arıları bu materyalle kaplayarak koloninin korunmasını sağlamaktadır (3).Halk sağlığında birçok hastalık üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda hastalıkların önlenmesi ya da destekleyici tedavisine propolisin olumlu yönde katkıda bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. İrinli yaraların sağaltımı, diş hassasiyetinin azaltılması ya da çürüklerin önlenmesinde, kalp ve damar sağlığının korunmasında propolis kullanıldığı bildirilmiştir (4).Geçmiş yıllarda rumen fermantasyonunun olumsuz etkilerini önlemek, ruminant gastrointestinal sisteminde zararlı mikroorganizmaları kontrol etmek, yemden yararlanma oranını artırmak amacıyla yem katkı maddesi olarak iyonofor grubu antibiyotikler ve kemoterapötikler kullanılmıştır. Ancak, bu maddelerin yemlere ilavesinin mikroorganizma direncini artırdığı ve hayvansal ürünlerde rezidü riskine yol açtığı rapor edilmiştir (5). Avrupa Birliği, hayvansal ürünlerde Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/duvetfd Derleme/Review
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis ethanol extract (EEP), a natural beekeeping product, on performance, fecal structure and general health status of calves during the preweaning phase. For this purpose, 24 newborn Simmental calves in a private farm were used as animal material.Calves given colostrum for the rst 3 days after birth were divided into two similar groups according to their birth weight and gender. Differently from the control group, the calves in the experimental group (propolis) were given orally 4 ml/day propolis extract (30%; EEP). Weekly nasal discharge, cough, eye, ear and general health scoring, rectal body temperature and fecal pH measurement, daily fecal scoring and diarrhea day follow-up were performed for each calf in the study, which lasted up to 60 days of age.Feces samples taken from all calves at the beginning and at the end of the study were evaluated for Lactobacillus spp. and Bi dobacter spp. At the end of the study; statistical differences were found between the groups in favor of the propolis group in terms of body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight (BW), withers height (WH), rump height (RH) and chest depth (CD) (P < 0.05). At the end of the study, propolis extract positively affected the number of days with diarrhea and feces scores (P < 0.05); no statistically signi cant difference was found in terms of health scores and feces culture (P > 0.05). In addition, it was observed that the number of calves that needed to be monitored in terms of health status was less in the experimental group.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis ethanol extract (EEP), a natural beekeeping product, on performance, fecal structure and general health status of calves during the preweaning phase. For this purpose, 24 newborn Simmental calves in a private farm were used as animal material. Calves given colostrum for the first 3 days after birth were divided into two similar groups according to their birth weight and gender. Differently from the control group, the calves in the experimental group (propolis) were given orally 4 ml/day propolis extract (30%; EEP). Weekly nasal discharge, cough, eye, ear and general health scoring, rectal body temperature and fecal pH measurement, daily fecal scoring and diarrhea day follow-up were performed for each calf in the study, which lasted up to 60 days of age. Feces samples taken from all calves at the beginning and at the end of the study were evaluated for Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacter spp. At the end of the study; statistical differences were found between the groups in favor of the propolis group in terms of body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight (BW), withers height (WH), rump height (RH) and chest depth (CD) (P < 0.05). At the end of the study, propolis extract positively affected the number of days with diarrhea and feces scores (P < 0.05); no statistically significant difference was found in terms of health scores and feces culture (P > 0.05). In addition, it was observed that the number of calves that needed to be monitored in terms of health status was less in the experimental group.
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