In protected areas (PAs), the lack of tourism impact prediction models of vegetation is a shortcoming in PA management. Now, the main question are how recovery can be accelerated, or which ecological factors are associated with the rehabilitation of vegetation density? We aimed to compare the multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), and support vector machine (SVM) models to predict tourism impact on land vegetation density changes. Three old national parks in Iran with diversity in tourist pressure and ecological condition were selected for analysis. We recorded 12 ecological and tourist variables in 400 sample plots, which are classified by topography, plot soil, and tourist pressure factors. We developed the tourism impact assessment model (TIAM) by MLP, RBFNN, and SVM techniques. Comparing with RBFNN and SVM, the MLP model (TIAMMLP) is introduced as the most accurate model for vegetation density changes for tourism impact assessment in PAs. The MLP model represents the highest value of R2 in training (.969), test (.806), and all datasets (.876). Sensitivity analysis proved that the values of the tourist pressure, soil organic matters, soil moisture, soil porosity, and soil electrical conductivity are respectively as the most significant inputs, which influence TIAMMLP in PAs. We concluded that habitats with higher organic matter and moisture in the soil would likely tolerate more tourists' pressure. The MLP model, as a tool for PAs managers, is able to predict vegetation density changes under tourism pressure precisely.
Fiber diameter plays an important role in the properties of electrospinning of nanofibers. However, one major problem is the lack of a comprehensive method that can link processing parameters to nanofibers' diameter. The objective of this study is to develope an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and multiple regression (MLR) analysis approaches to predict the diameter of nanofibers. Processing parameters, including weight ratio, voltage, injection rate, and distance, were considered as independent variables and the nanofiber diameter as the dependent variable of the ANN model. The results of ANN modeling, especially its high accuracy (R 2 = 0.959) in comparison with MLR results (R 2 = 0.564), introduced the prediction the diameter of nanofibers model (PDNFM) as a comparative model for predicting the diameter of poly (3-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (Gt) nanofibers. According to the result of sensitivity analysis of the model, the values of weight ratio, distance, injection rate, and voltage, respectively, were identified as the most significant parameters which influence PDNFM.
Prediction of the diameter of a nanofiber is very difficult, owing to complexity of the interactions of the parameters which have an impact on the diameter and the fact that there is no comprehensive method to predict the diameter of a nanofiber. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), and support vector machine (SVM) models to develop mathematical models for the diameter prediction of poly(3-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (Gt) nanofibers.Four parameters, namely, the weight ratio, applied voltage, injection rate, and distance, were considered as input data. Then, a prediction of the diameter for the nanofiber model (PDNFM) was developed using data mining techniques such as MLP, RBFNN, and SVM. The PDNFM MLP is introduced as the most accurate model to predict the diameter of PCL/Gt nanofibers on the basis of costs and time-saving.According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, the value of the PCL/Gt weight ratio is the most significant input which influences PDNFM MLP in PCL/Gt electrospinning. Therefore, the PDNFM model, using a decision support system (DSS) tool can easily predict the diameter of PCL/Gt nanofibers prior to electrospinning.
Air quality has been the main concern worldwide and Nitrous oxide (NO2) is one of the pollutants that have a significant effect on human health and environment. This study was conducted to compare the regression analysis and neural network model for predicting NO2 pollutants in the air of Tehran metropolis. Data has been collected during a year in the urban area of Tehran and was analyzed using multi-linear regression (MLR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks. Meteorological parameters, urban traffic data, urban green space information, and time parameters are applied as input to forecast the daily concentration of NO2 in the air. The results demonstrate that artificial neural network modeling (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 0.32) results in more accurate predictions than MLR analysis (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 13.151). According to the result of sensitivity analysis of the model, the value of park area, the average of green space area and one-day time delay are the crucial parameters influencing NO2 concentration of air. Artificial neural network models could be a powerful, effective and suitable tool for analysis and modeling complex and non-linear relation of environmental variables such as ability in forecasting air pollution. Green spaces establishment has a significant role in NO2 reduction even more than traffic volume.
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