SUMMARYThe objective of the present research was to study the genetic variability for total dry matter (DM) yield, tiller number, heading date and three quality traits, namely content of digestible dry matter (DDM), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP), in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). Twenty-five parents were randomly chosen from a genetically broad-based population, and their respective half-sib (HS) families were generated. Clonally-propagated parents and their HS family seeds were grown as individual plants using a randomized complete block design with two replications in Alborz Research Center, Karaj, Iran, during 2002–04. The results of combined analyses over 2 years showed significant variances between clonal parents for all traits except CP. In the HS generation, between-family variances were only significant for tiller number, heading date and WSC. Clone×year (S2GY) and family×year (S2FY) interactions were significant for all traits except for WSC in HS families. The estimates of broad-sense heritability (h2b) were moderate to high for all traits (h2b=0·37–0·69), except CP. Narrow-sense heritability (h2n) estimates from analyses of progenies and from regression of HS progenies on parents (h2op) were moderate, relatively the same values as h2b for heading date, tiller number and WSC, which suggested that additive genetic variance was the main component controlling these traits. For DM yield and DDM, h2n and h2op estimates were low, whereas h2b estimates were moderate, which suggested that both additive and non-additive gene effects played an important role in the genetic regulation of these traits. Genetic correlations among CP with both WSC and DDM were generally negative, whereas WSC was positively correlated with DDM and tiller number. The genetic correlation among DM yield with DDM was weak and inconsistent and, in general, negative. DM yield had negative and positive correlation with heading date and tiller number, respectively. It was concluded that there was significant variation and moderate heritability for most traits in the cocksfoot populations evaluated to improve yield and quality traits. Selection for high WSC is a means to improve quality in general. The data also indicate that response to combined selection for both DDM and DM yield should be possible. Selection for DDM alone could result in reduction in yield.

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The genus Salvia includes an enormous assemblage of nearly 1,000 species dispersed around the world. Due to possible threats to this genus, there is an immediate requirement to evaluate the diversity of its wild populations. ISSR and RAPD molecular techniques were used to evaluate the genetic relationships among twenty-one ecotypes of eight Salvia species. Amplification of genomic DNA using 23 primers (15 RAPD and eight ISSR) produced 280 bands, of which 91% were polymorphic. The results of marker parameters showed no clear difference between two marker systems. It was generally observed that both ISSR and RAPD markers had similar efficiency in detecting genetic polymorphisms with remarkable ability to differentiate the closely related ecotypes of Salvia. Nei’s similarity coefficients for these techniques ranged from 0.48 to 0.98. Based on the results of clustering, PCoA and AMOVA, the genetic diversity between and within species was confirmed. So, conservation and domestication of the genus Salvia must be due to levels of genetic variations.

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Golden Delicious apples were treated with either 1 ppm 1‐methylcyclopropen (1‐MCP) at 25C for 8 h and/or ethylene absorber sachets. Apples left untreated were considered as the control. Apples were stored for 5 months at 0C and 90% relative humidity. Firmness, total soluble solid concentration, titratable acidity (TA), pH and skin color were evaluated on a monthly basis during storage period. Apples treated with 1‐MCP in presence of ethylene absorbing sachets were significantly firmer, greener and had a lower hue angle in comparison with the control apples. Also, using this treatment, TA was reduced less extensively and lower pH values were obtained compared with the control. These results suggest that treatment with 1‐MCP and ethylene absorber sachets is a cost‐effective and safe method to improve the quality maintenance of Golden Delicious apples during cold storage. Practical Applications Apples are one of the most common fruits consumed in many countries. Apples undergo many biochemical changes including ripening, between harvest and consumption resulting in the loss of freshness desirable to consumers. Ethylene has an effective role in apple quality loss. In the present study, the effect of ethylene reduction was investigated on improving the quality of Golden Delicious apples during cold storage. Overall, the results showed that 1‐MCP treatment and potassium permanganate coated zeolite nanoparticles caused a noticeable delay in apple ripening compared with control fruits which leads to quality maintenance.

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