Objective: The current study investigates the anti-ageing effect of GLA in Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and methods: GLA (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 10, 20 and 24 lM) was initially evaluated for its effect on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. For in vivo assessment (1, 5 or 15 mg/ kg), the rat model of accelerated ageing was developed using D-fructose (1000 mg/kg (i.p.) plus 10% in drinking water for 40 days). Morris water maze was used to evaluate impairment in learning and memory. The blood of treated animals was used to measure glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The interaction of GLA with active residues of receptor of AGE (RAGE) was analyzed using AutoDock Vina. Results: Our data showed that GLA inhibited the production of AGEs (IC 50 ¼ 1.12 ± 0.05 lM). However, this effect was more significant at lower tested doses. A similar pattern was also observed in in vivo experiments, where the effect of fructose was reversed by GLA only at lowest tested dose of 1 mg/kg. The HbA1c levels also revealed significant reduction at lower doses (1 and 5 mg/kg). The in silico data exhibited promising interaction of GLA with active residues (Try72, Arg77 and Gln67) of RAGE. Conclusion: The GLA, at lower doses, possesses therapeutic potential against glycation-induced memory decline. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Two cases of primary pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as mass densities and simulating neoplasms in children are reported. This manifestation has not been previously reported in children. It probably represents an unusual immunological response to the mycobacterium.

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Background and Aim: Colonoscopy is sensitive at detecting large polyps; however, a significant polyp miss rate is still recognized. Indicators such as the adenoma detection rate (ADR) and, more recently, the adenoma per colonoscopy rate (APC) are increasingly used to ensure quality in colonoscopy. We carried out a prospective, randomized, controlled study evaluating improvement in adenoma detection between wide-screen, highdefinition (WSHD) monitors compared to standard monitors (SD).Methods: Patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy were randomized to a WSHD room or SD. Polyp size, location, shape, and histology were recorded. Right-sided polyps were considered to be those proximal to the splenic flexure.Results: A total of 152 patients were enrolled in the study, with 78 (51.3%) and 74 (48.7%) enrolled in the WSHD and SD groups, respectively. A 10% absolute difference in favor of the WSHD group was noted for the ADR (41% vs 31% patients); however, the difference was statistically not significant. In the WSHD and SD groups, APC of 0.9 ± 1.4 versus 0.7 ± 1.4 (P = 0.49) were noted, respectively. For polyps <5 mm, an ADR of 0.3 ± 0.4 versus 0.2 ± 0.4 (P = 0.34) and APC of 0.5 ± 1.1 versus 0.2 ± 0.5 (P = 0.06) were seen in the WSHD and SD groups.Conclusion: This study shows a trend toward improvement in ADR, with an increase in APC for small adenomas that approaches statistical significance. WSHD monitors are a one-time, low-cost intervention for improving the quality of colonoscopy with potentially favorable outcomes.

surveillance based on systematic biopsy alone. The objective of this study was to analyze characteristics of patients eligible for AS based on systematic biopsy, who later underwent radical prostatectomy and were found to have Gleason Grade (GG) !3 disease.METHODS: Patients were enrolled in a nationally registered clinical trial to evaluate the use of MRI-targeted combined biopsy (NCT00102544). We queried our institutional database for patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between June 2007 and July 2020. Patients with GG1 or GG2 on systematic biopsy were included. Upgrading was determined by comparing GG on systematic and targeted biopsies, to GG on wholemount prostate specimen. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, BMI, and total prostate volume were used to identify predictors of upgrading to GG !3 disease. Chisquared tests were used to compare categorical variables.RESULTS: A total of 773 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between June 2007 and July 2020 were identified in our institutional database. Among patients who underwent combined biopsy (n [ 495), 280 were diagnosed with GG1 (n[03) or GG2 (n[177) on systematic biopsy. The rate of upgrading to GG ! 3 was significantly higher for systematic than targeted biopsy (20.0% vs 5.0%, p<0.0001). Increased age at time of surgery was associated with increased odds of upgrading to GG! 3 (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03e1.25, p[.014). Targeted biopsy GG was associated with increased odds of upgrading to GG !3 on wholemount pathology (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.74-5.38, p<0.001). Total number of lesions found on MRI was associated with lower odds of upgrading (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21-0.70, p[0.003). PSA at time of surgery, BMI, highest PIRADS score on MRI, and total prostate volume on MRI were not associated with upgrading to GG ! 3 on wholemount pathology (p>0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 5 patients eligible for AS based on 12-core TRUS-systematic biopsy portion of combined biopsy have GG !3 on wholemount histopathology after radical prostatectomy. Older age, GG on MRI-targeted biopsy, and fewer total lesions on prebiopsy MRI are associated with upgrading to GG !3 on wholemount histopathology. Our findings support the use of MRI-targeted biopsy for risk-stratifying patients on AS.

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