Uneven energy consumption (UEC) is latent trouble in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that feature a multiple motion pattern and a multi-hop routing. UEC often splits the network, reduces network life, and leads to performance degradation. Sometimes, improving energy consumption is more complicated because it does not reduce energy consumption only, but it also extends network life. This makes energy consumption balancing critical to WSN design calling for energy-efficient routing protocols that increase network life. Some energy-saving protocols have been applied to make the energy consumption among all nodes inside the network equilibrate in the expectancy and end power in almost all nodes simultaneously. This work has suggested a protocol of energy-saving routing named spider monkey optimization routing protocol (SMORP), which aims to probe the issue of network life in WSNs. The proposed protocol reduces excessive routing messages that may lead to the wastage of significant energy by recycling frequent information from the source node into the sink. This routing protocol can choose the optimal routing path. That is the preferable node can be chosen from nodes of the candidate in the sending ways by preferring the energy of maximum residual, the minimum traffic load, and the least distance to the sink. Simulation results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in terms of decreasing end-to-end delay, reducing energy consumption compared to well-known routing protocols.
An adsorption air conditioning unit of two beds was designed and built. Each bed was constructed from two concentric copper pipes sets, the length of the pipes in each set was 1500 mm pipe. The inner pipe was 50 mm in diameter while the outer pipe was of 100 mm diameter. The inside surface of the outer pipe and the outside surface of the inner pipe were covered by two active carbon layers which were separated from each other by a 5 mm space, to allow for methanol vapour penetration through the two layers. Each bed was inserted in a metal pipe to convey the hot stream of exhaust gases, to form a two passes heat exchanger. To complete the adsorption air conditioner cycle, an evaporator and condenser were connected to the two beds. Exhaust gases were produced by a propane burner, which can be adjusted to deliver hot gases at a temperature range of 80 to 140°C. The work showed that there was direct relationship between the hot gas temperatures that was used to heat the bed and the chilled water temperature. When the hot gases temperature exceeded 120°C, the whole cycle time increased along with a slight increase in chilled water temperature with a reduction in COP. A minimum chilled water temperature of 7.6°C was obtained. This chilled water was supplied to a fan coil unit to maintain an inside temperature of 24.2°C for a 600 Watt conditioned space load. The maximum cycle COP was about 0.31 when the hot gas temperature was 120°C.
A hidden danger, no color and no taste for nuclear radiation that can have effects in human health While increasing the use of ionizing radiation The risk of health increases If is not used or contained correctly. And in order to avoid the risks of this radiation to the health of workers And clients With these radiations to look for a continuous and extensive search In all materials that can protect them from this radiation. These materials must be inherently harmless, with a low material cost. In this study, four samples were done with different mixing ratios for studying the attenuation coefficient of gamma rays and beta particles barriers made of polymer, epoxy, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O compounds in addition to Eggshells and in certain proportions and the use of these samples measure the attenuation coefficient of gamma rays and beta particles using radioactive sources. . At the end of this research the ability of Eggshells to attenuate beta particles and excelled On FeSO 4 .7H 2 O compounds. The gamma attenuation coefficient is very close to FeSO 4 .7H 2 O compounds. These readings were taken at the Directorate of Treatment and Management of Iraqi Radioactive Waste based.
A new Harmonic Elimination (HE) PWM method with fast recursive algorithm is used that provide the exact on-line solution to the optimal PWM problem. The proposed algorithm optimization technique is applied to a 3-level unipolar single-phase inverter to determine optimum switching angles for eliminating low order harmonics while maintaining the required fundamental voltage to drive single-phase induction motor with high quality. The proposed HE method contributes to the existing methods because it not only generates the desired fundamental frequency voltage, but also completely eliminates any number of harmonics. It provides high quality sine-wave output voltage on the induction motor terminals with very low THD.The high quality sinusoidal output voltage produced by the inverter at different number of switching angles is presented. The complete solutions for 3-level unipolar switching patterns to eliminate the 3 rd and 5 th harmonics are given. Finally, the unipolar case is again considered where the first 14 harmonics are eliminated.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.