Water in Diesel Nano-Emulsions (WiDNE) fuel are an important environmental fuelsfor decreasing the combustion pollution of diesel engines. WiDNE fuel is a dispersionstable thermodynamic and kinetic system consisting of diesel oil, surfactant and waterphase. WiDNE fuel due to their nano scale droplet size (20–200 nm) and large surface areaburns more completely and hence a reduction in emissions than straight diesel.The objective of this project is to evaluate the combustion characteristics of WiDNE fuelprepared by rotor-stator homogenizer using mixed surfactants based on nonionicemulsifiers Span™ 80, Tween™ 80. Direct injection (DI), Fiat engine was used and run at1500 rpm, constant fuel pressure (400 bar) with varying the operation load.Multi gas analyzer model 4880 was used to measure the concentration of the emissiongases such as NOx, unburned total hydrocarbon HC, CO2 and CO. The AVL-415 meter wasused for smoke emissions. The experimental results of WiDNE imposes the capability toimprove fuel properties, the engine efficiency as well as reduction of gas emissions.

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A realisation of the need to curtail consumption of fossil fuels with high atmospheric emissions has led researchers to investigate alternatives in recent years. Nano-emulsions (NE) with water suspended at nano-size inside diesel fuel offer better air/fuel blends during the combustion process, creating fuels with higher combustion efficiency and lower emissions. For this study, a nano-emulsion with 12 W% was prepared in a high-speed homogenizer to produce an NE fuel with 26 nm effective droplet diameter, based on optimisation calculations in Design-Expert software. Three doses of zinc oxide (50, 100, and 150 ppm) with average diameters 10 to 30 nm were mixed into prepared nano-emulsion samples. Five fuel blends, Diesel, NE, NE+50 ppm ZnO, NE+100 ppm ZnO, and NE+150 ppm ZnO were then examined for performance and emissions in a four-cylinder Fiat Diesel engine at 1,500 rpm constant speed and 400 bar fuel injection pressure, with a changing operating load. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 16.4% with an increase of 10.2% in thermal efficiency for NE+150 ppm ZnO in comparison with the neat diesel at higher loads of 352.88 kN/m2. CO, NOx, HC, and smoke opacity were also reduced by 18%, 13.2%, 17.1%, and 32.8 %, respectively for NE+150ppm ZnO. This research thus offer direction for the utilisation of ZnO nanoparticles in the reduction of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, offering both economic and environmental benefits.