The flow and spray parameters can have noticeable roles in heavy fuel oil (HFO) spray finesse. As known, the interaction between droplets and cross flow should be considered carefully in many different industrial applications such as the process burners and gas turbine combustors. So, it would be so important to investigate the effect of injecting HFO into a crossflow more subtly. In this work, the effects of various flow and spray parameters on the droplet breakup and dispersion parameters are investigated numerically using the finite-volume-element method. The numerical method consists of a number of different models to predict the droplets breakup and their dispersion into a cross flow including the spray-turbulence interaction one. An Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, which suitably models the interaction between the droplets and turbulence, and also models the droplets secondary breakup is used to investigate the interactions between the flow and the droplet behaviors. After validating the computational method via comparing them with the data provided by the past researches, four test cases with varying swirl number, air axial velocity, droplet size, and fuel injection velocity are examined to find out the effects of preceding parameters on some spray characteristics including the droplets path, sauter mean diameter (SMD), and dispersed phase mass concentration. The results show that the droplets inertia and the flow velocity magnitude have significant effects on spray characteristics. As the droplets become more massive, the deflection of spray in flow direction becomes less. Also, increasing of flow velocity causes more deflection for sprays with the same droplet sizes.
. Oxy-fuel combustion is a modern carbon capture and storage (CCS) technique that improves the combustion process and reduces the environmental penalty of many combustion systems.Evidently, the accurate radiative calculation of oxy-fuel combustion is very important to arrive at more improved combustion system designs with less environmental drawbacks. In the present study, a small scale unconfined turbulent bluff-body flame is numerically simulated to calculate the gas radiative properties using three different approaches of ignoring radiation, applying a modified version of the weighted sum of gray gases (WSGG) model, and employing the spectral line based weighted sum of gray gases (SLW) model. First, the selected bluff-body flame is validated against experimental data.The early outcome is that the simulation results of three chosen approaches are very close if there is no oxygen enrichment. Next, the effect of oxygen enrichment is carefully investigated imposing the aforementioned spectral radiation approaches. The achieved results indicate that the predicted gas temperature becomes more sensitive to the implemented radiative approach as the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer increases. In very high oxygen enrichment case, the gas temperature predicted by SLW model shows up to 155 K differences with that of ignoring radiation approach. The simulation results also show that the oxygen enrichment would raise the CO2 and H2O volume fractions in the flame zone. Therefore, the non-grayness of gases becomes more significant in such cases and the accurate radiative calculation becomes more essential. This is investigated carefully in this study.
The objective of this paper is to describe the calibration test method and conditions for MEMS-based IMUs including accelerometers and gyroscopes. This method is mainly used to derive deterministic error bounds within the acceptable range of accuracy. After a detailed description of the error model, the calibration process, test procedure, and test results as well as practical challenges are discussed. The presented method is simple, cheap and fast that takes only a few hours for calibration and validation of these sensors.
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