Marginalization of poor and uneducated residents has led to fundamental social damage in Iran's large cities, which is manifest in a persistent culture of poverty and lack of access to opportunities and services. Empowering these people is not possible with government resources, and it requires the use of empowerment methods, such as social innovation‐based solutions. The purpose of the present study was to propose a social innovation cycle for the marginalized individuals in parts of Tehran, Iran (Farahzad and Khavarshahr) as a sustainable solution to empower them by creating jobs for them. The present study was conducted using the participatory action research methodology to analyze key activities undertaken during the “poultry self‐sufficiency” social innovation cycles in four phases: 1. generating ideas by understanding the needs and identifying potential solutions; 2. developing, prototyping, and piloting the ideas; 3. assessing, scaling up, and diffusing the good ideas; and 4. learning and evolving. The results showed that social innovation has the most significant effect when actors in different parts of society contribute and cooperate. According to the results obtained in this study, “poultry self‐sufficiency” social innovation lifts the marginalized out of poverty, and the empowerment process helps them to participate in the community.
Many countries have used science and technology parks to develop high-tech industries. In recent years, Iranian policymakers have been keenly examining this institution. By reviewing papers in this¯eld and considering local dimensions of the issue, we tried to present a framework to evaluate the potential of creating competitive advantages by science and technology parks in Iran. Framework contains \human resources", \R&D and technology transfer", \market development" and \facilities" aspects with 12 factors. Use of this evaluation framework will help managers and policymakers of science parks to identify the main requirements of companies and strengths and weaknesses of the parks and the ability to provide more e®ective services. Finally, by designing the questionnaire and asking the experts (owners and managers of companies located in the Park) the Pardis Technology Park (PTP) and Sheikh Bahaei Science and Technology Park (SBSTP) were evaluated and compared in creating competitive advantages for their¯rms. The results show that PTP is signi¯cantly superior in providing the factors.
Scientometrics is one of the most important scales for evaluating scientific outputs. Co-word and social network analysis (SNA) were used to investigate relationships in the field of social accounting researches indexed on Scopus. The findings of the study indicate that the most frequent topics and vocabulary in this area is economic analysis, economic and social effects. Moreover, the most valuable subject areas were identified: based on closeness, they are water resources, tourism economics and structural adjustment. Based on centrality, economic impact, economic analysis, environmental economics and income distribution. The results of the study indicate that many important social and environmental issues can be assessed through social accounting. Co-authorship analysis revealed that the co-authorship network in this domain was discrete and with low density. By utilizing the co-occurrence map, researchers and policymakers can make policy making more effective through being aware of the research trends and hot topics in social accounting.
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