The aim of this study was to determine the genotypic and antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans obtained from cancer patients. The study included fifty cancer patients treated with chemotherapy who exhibited evident oral lesions. Oral swabs from cancer patients and healthy persons screened for the occurrence of C. albicans. Isolates were identified by the conventional mycological methods. Genotypes were determined using 25S rDNA PCR analysis. Oral C. albicans was detected in 84.0% cancer patients and 52.0% healthy persons. PCR targeting 25S rDNA genotype analyses of C. albicans obtained from cancer patients, allowed isolates to be grouped into genotypes A, B, C and T, among which genotype A C. albicans constitutes the majority of this fungus. Genotype A C. albicans recognized the entirely isolates in healthy group. Isolates were most sensitive to amphotericin B. Isolates has shown high rate of resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole. 25S rDNA have been shown to be a useful criterion for distinguishing among various isolates of C. albicans. Amphotericin B is effective antifungal agents that can be used against isolates. The study believes that description of active pathogens in Candida infections at the genotype level and research on antifungal sensitivity will be very useful in epidemiology, managing treatment, and preventing resistance development in hospitals.
Propolis (bee glue) is a sticky, gummy, resinous substance collected by honeybees from variousplant sources, which has various medicinal properties. This study aimed to know the therapeutic roleof ointment which prepared from extract of local propolis in treatment of external wounds thatexperimentally infected with S.aureus in experimental mice. The ratio of ethanolic extract of propolisamounted (33%) of the weight of the dry substance, it was glutinous with dark green color andcharacteristic odor. Moreover, the results of the preliminary chemical tests which was taken in thisstudy revealed that propolis contains flavonoids, resins, terpenes, and phenols.T tested the qualificationof ethanolic extract of propolis In vivo.Through its prepared as an ointment (9%) in the treatment of externalwounds which are induced in a lab. mice infected with S.aureus the ointment showed high qualificationto treat such wounds (8 days ) compared with control group(15 days ) and a group which treated withvaseline (15 days) that is assured by histopathological sections taken from the infected area before andafter treatment.
Environmental water is an important source for Vibrio cholerae, which is autochthonous to the aquatic environment, monitoring this bacterium in water is important for control of cholera. Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. One hundred samples were collected and selected. All presumptive isolates were con irmed by using a series of biochemical tests including Oxidase test, Simmon Citrate test, DNase test, Indole test, Klingler Iron Agar (KIA) test, Mac-Conkey agar test and motility. Con irmed Vibrio cholera strains were then screening for slide agglutination test by using commercially antisera polyvalent and monovalent O1 and O139 for determining strain serotype. The resistance to antibiotics by Vibrio cholerae was determining by using thirteen standardized disc diffusion including Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Cephotaxime, Nalidixic Acid, Nor loxacin, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, Ce ixime. From one hundred water samples were detected, ifty-six samples were motile and positive for biochemical tests. Fifteen isolates con irmed as Vibrio cholera by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay with primers designed for ctxA and 241bp band was observed. They showed sensitive to all antibiotics except Amikacin, Streptomycin, Ce ixime, Nor loxacin, Cephalothin. the aim of this study was determined the accurate method for detection of Vibrio cholerae in environmental water. In the current study, we found that the molecular method using Polymerase Chain Reaction performance using the ctxA gene-speci ic primers for detection of Vibrio cholerae was faster and accurate and speci ic.
The local study was targeting to investigate the biological antibacterial activity for gradiate concentrations of a local honey bees (125,250, 375 and 500 mg/ml) were tested for five type of bacteria, two of which are gram positive (staphylococcusaureus , streptococcus spp.) and three of them were negative bacteria ( Esherichia coli , salmonella spp. , pseudomonas aeruginosa) by using agar well diffusion method and tube dilution method.The results of agar well diffusion method showed that the bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus Spp. were the most sensitive to honey dilutions, while E.coli ,Salmonella Spp. showed moderate sensitivity . Pseudomonas aeruginosadid not show any sensitivity. The result also showed that the temperature of incubation temperature of culture media (25and 37 C) had a marked effect on the result of local study, outperformed of diameters of growth inhibition in the cultures that were incubated at 25 C in most of the result recorded.The result of the tube dilution method, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was ( 8 , 8 , 125 and 64) mg/ml for the growth of S.aureus , Streptococcus , E.coli and salmonella respectively , while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for bacteria mentioned were (32 , 64 , 250 and 250) mg/ml respectively for tubes that incubated at 25 C while tubes which incubated at 37 C MIC recorded (8 , 8 , 125 and 250) mg/ml while MBC were ( 32 , 64 , 125 and 250) mg/ml respectively.
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