Abu Dhabi's mature field with more than 50 years of production history and over 350 wells that is presented in this paper is one of the world's largest offshore oil fields. As oil fields mature, water and gas breakthroughs become increasingly frequent and the understanding of fluid movement becomes crucial for proper reservoir management, efficient remedial works and optimum workovers and future wells drilling, which all expected to enhance oil recovery. This paper introduces an innovative logging technique designed to track fluid movement deep in the formation in flow and no-flow intervals and through casing.
Reservoir characterization is the most important input element in building a robust geological and simulation models. The Improvement in reservoir description enhances the understanding of the reservoir heterogeneity and reduces the uncertainties on field development. This can be achieved with better characterisation of reservoir properties such as Rock Types, porosity, permeability and saturation. The reservoir is developed by water and gas injection. In order to better understand field behavior, enhance oil recovery, produce difficult oil, a detailed reservoir characterization study was performed, followed by construction of fine grid geological model and simulation model. The main goal of the model is to predict middle and long term development plan. The depositional model represents a shallow water carbonate platform with a set of facies that characterize each system tract. These facies range from bioclastic Wackestone, Mudstones, with sponge Spicules of shallow shelf through a shoal area with Peloidal and Oolitic grain dominated fabrics to the restricted lagoon foraminifera bioturbated Wackestone and microcrystalline dolomite and finally into the upper intertidal facies of macro crystalline dolomite and nodular anhydrite. The digenetic model comprised surface, subtidal, shallow, and deep burial diagenetic events, such as micritization, fringing calcite marine cement, vadose grain leaching, compaction, stylolitization, dolomitisation, anhydrite cementation and fracturing.
In one of the biggest carbonate reservoir in offshore Abu Dhabi that has been producing oil for more than 40 years, oil potential evaluation is affected by many uncertainties as evaluated via pulsed neutron technology across perforated intervals.The Acid used to stimulate the wells after workovers affect the responses of the pulsed neutron logs. Efforts have been exerted to eliminate this effect. Observations from this field showed that the acid life cycle in the formation can be extracted by comparing and correlating several pulsed neutron sigma logs that are acquired over the years across the same perforated intervals.It has been noticeable that one of the most influential parameters in removing or eliminating acid existance in reservoir rock is water production, otherwise acid effect on pulse neutron sigma log interpretation remains, resulting in calculating high water saturation across dry oil producing zones.Understanding this acid effect life cycle helped understanding reservoir performance and reducing uncertainty of pulse neutron sigma interpretation. This paper is showing these observations in our field and is detailing acid effect modeling on pulsed neutron log responses.
The heterogeneity in carbonate rocks made it hard for Geoscientist to define a universal classification methodology that is able to honor the critical static and dynamic properties. Most classifications like lithofacies, capillarity & textural methods base their rock typing on one or two static properties then try to find analog in other static properties to cluster or group them, then populate rock types across the whole field. However; from field observations and experiences of utilizing these conventional techniques, it's obvious that they suffered from several gaps, like inability to have the properties analog consistent through out the whole reservoir, moreover, the groups or clusters have big dispersion that produces overlaps, then theoretically they could not fully honor physics in a way deficiency in the classification definition is recognized and finally a major gap in solving for complex grain sorting effect on flow dynamic properties always existed. Therefore, in this study, rock typing is made to honor static and dynamic properties all together through changing the classification concept to resolve for the gaps of the traditional methodologies. The ultimate objective of all reservoir characterization and rock classification is to enable building geological and simulation models with optimum honoring of both rock static properties and rock-fluid dynamic flow properties that allow history matching to succeed. To achieve this objective, the framework established in this paper is based on analyzing the effects of each of the rock properties on another and the value and impact that each can add to the models most critical parameters. By this technique, the gap of pore and pore-throat network is resolved through Multiple Properties Intersection. This Integrated Carbonate Rock Typing technique starts with capturing the heterogeneity of carbonate rock by generating matrix of core permeability, capillary pressure (end point, threshold pressure & Plateau), pore-throat size distribution, porosity and formation factor. Then intersecting this matrix to construct weighted links between these properties and identify unique groups. Resulted classes entered to feedback analysis node to explore and validate the logic of linked physics to tune the classes' thresholds. Finally for utilizing this technique in non-cored wells, an analog with logging data is structured. Introduction Rock typing in carbonate for the last two decades suffered from poor analogy between rock properties (Porosity, Permeability, Connate Water Saturation and Capillary Pressure Curve). This is mainly due to the complexity of the pore network in carbonate rocks. Such poor relations between properties made it hard to geoscientists and engineers to classify and construct rock typing criteria that owner those vital properties, which is necessary to build the geological models and later initiate the reservoir simulation models. While in clastics there are solid criteria's and techniques that help rock typing and classifications that provide relations, grouping and clustering like FZI, RQI & J-function between various rock properties that fail most of the time when it comes to carbonate rocks. In another word, carbonate rock properties relations diverge, and all previous trials to make the properties converging were at the end accepting to live with properties divergence gap; through averaging in one occasion or closing eyes on another and putting uncertainty as reason.
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