This paper has been utilized satellite Sentinel-2A imagery, this satellite is a polar-orbiting, multispectral high-resolution to cover Athens city, Greece that located at latitude (37° 58′ 46″) N, (23° 42′ 58″) E.,the work aims to measurement and study the wildfires natural resourcesbefore and after fire break out that happenedin forests of Athens city in Greece for a year (2007, 2018) and analysis the damage caused by these wildfiresand their impact on environment and soil by categorize the satellite images for the interested region before and after wildfires for a year (2007) and a year (2018) and Discuss techniques that compute the area covered of each class and lessen or limit the rapidly spreading wildfires damage.The categorizing utilizing the moments with (K-Means) grouping algorithm in RS (remote sensing). And the categorizing results show five unique classes (water, trees, buildings without tree, buildings with tree, bare lands) where, it can be notice that the region secured by each class before and after wildfires and the changed pixels for all classes.The experimental resulted of categorizing technique shows that the good performance exactness with a good categorizing and result analysisa bout the harms resulted from the fires in the forest Greece for a years (2007 and 2018).
The goal of this paper is to show the differences between ad hoc networks and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper will show the routing in ad hoc networks and compare it to that of MANETs, after providing a brief introduction to MANETs. In addition, the types of routing protocols will be described as proactive and reactive protocols, where proactive routing attempts to maintain optimal routes to all destinations at all times, whether it is needed or not. In contrast, reactive protocols determine routes to given destinations only when there is data to be sent to those destinations. The paper will also provide a summary comparing uni-path and multi-path routing, by considering different parameters. Multi-path routing often has advantages more than uni-path routing, and Multi-path routing can also result in packet reordering. However, with uni-path routing, traffic allocation is not an issue since only one route is used.
The formula of the scintillation index fixated on bit error rate of Super Lorentz Gaussian beam in turbulent atmosphere is derivative by using the Huygens Fresnel Process to evaluate the average bit error rate. The scintillation index guides of a higher beam order engrossed Super Lorentz Gaussian beam flat and Cartesian coordinates are compared. The average signal-to-noise ratio is computed via the versus scintillation index and bit error rate by using the formula of log-normal dispersed intensity for the beam order and absorbed the Super Lorentz Gaussian beams (SLG) is propagated in the slant path, which display several factors such as source size, focal length and wavelength, for example, 0.8 and 1.55 μm. Absorbed beams are initiated to take significant compensations over higher order beams. According to the two desired wavelength distributions processed theoretically, the results of bit error rate estimation were started to the value of source size rises, the system is improved and scintillation index, bit error rate decreased, the quality of bit error rate was enhanced, and the elevation was decreased. Bit error rate quality estimation of full reference objective relay on the feedback by SLG22 beam has the better bit error rate.
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