Korteweg-de Vries equations (KdV) provide a way of modeling waves on shallow water surfaces. These equations, begun by John Scott Russell in 1834 through observation and experiment, are a type of nonlinear differential equations. Originating with constant coefficients, they now include time-dependent coefficients, modeling ion-acoustic waves in plasma and acoustic waves on a crystal lattice, and there is even a connection with the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem. Most of the solutions are given by solitons or by numerical approximations. In this work we study a linearized KdV equation with time-dependent coefficients (including fifth-order KdV) by using a special ansatz substitution.
Abstract. The aim of this work is to develop a systematic manner to close overdetermined systems arising from conformal Killing tensors (CKT). The research performs this action for 1-tensor and 2-tensors. This research makes it possible to develop a new general method for any rank of CKT. This method can also be applied to other types of Killing equations, as well as to overdetermined systems constrained by some other conditions.The major methodological apparatus of the research is a decomposition of the section bundles where the covariant derivatives of the CKT land via generalized gradients. This decomposition generates a tree in which each row represents a higher derivative. After using the conformal Killing equation, just a few components (branches) survive, which means that most of them can be expressed in terms of lower order terms. This results in a finite number of independent jets. Thus, any higher covariant derivative can be written in terms of these jets.The findings of this work are significant methodologically and, more specifically, in the potential for the discovery of symmetries. First, this work has uncovered a new method that could be used to close overdetermined systems arising from conformal Killing tensors (CKT). Second, through an application of this method, this research finds higher symmetry operators of first and second degree, which are known by other means, for the Laplace operator. The findings also reveal the first order symmetry operators for the Yamabe case. Moreover, the research leads to conjectures about the second order symmetries of the Yamabe operator.
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