Dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly characterized by accumulation in the brain of extra- and intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, respectively, which selectively affect specific regions, particularly the neocortex and the hippocampus. Sporadic AD is mainly caused by an increase in apolipoprotein E, a component of chylomicrons, which are cholesterol transporters in the brain. Recent studies have shown that high lipid levels, especially cholesterol, are linked to AD. Adenosine is an atypical neurotransmitter that regulates a wide range of physiological functions by activating four P1 receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) and P2 purinergic receptors that are G protein-coupled. A1 receptors are involved in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, which could be related to AD. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of a lard-enriched diet (LED) on cognitive and memory processes in adult rats (6 months of age) as well as the effect of theobromine on these processes. The results indicated that the fat-enriched diet resulted in a long-term deterioration in cognitive and memory functions. Increased levels of Aβ protein and IL-1β were also observed in the rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet, which were used to validate the AD animal model. In addition, the results of qPCR and immunohistochemistry indicated a decrease in gene expression and distribution of A1 purinegic receptor, respectively, in the hippocampus of LED-fed rats. Interestingly, theobromine, at both concentrations tested, restored A1 receptor levels and improved cognitive functions and Aβ levels for a dose of 30 mg/L drinking water.
HighlightsValerenic acid modulates the neuropathological markers of Parkinson´s disease.Valerenic acid attenuates neuroinflammation in a Parkinson´s disease model.Astrocytes and cytokines are targets in the anti-inflammatory effect of valerenic acid.The molecular docking confirms the interaction of valerenic acid with 5-HT5A receptors.
The present study was designed to determine the effects of factors secreted by the lung adenocarcinoma cell line with the neuroendocrine phenotype, A549NED, on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activity in vitro. A perspective that integrates the nervous, endocrine and immune system in cancer research is essential to understand the complexity of dynamic interactions in tumours. Extensive clinical research suggests that neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is correlated with worse patient outcomes; however, little is known regarding the effects of neuroendocrine factors on the communication between the immune system and neoplastic cells. The human lung cancer cell line A549 was induced to NED (A549NED) using cAMP-elevating agents. The A549NED cells showed changes in cell morphology, an inhibition of proliferation, an overexpression of chromogranin and a differential pattern of biogenic amine production (decreased dopamine and increased serotonin [5-HT] levels). Using co-cultures to determine the cytolytic CTLs activity on target cells, we showed that the acquisition of NED inhibits the decrease in the viability of the target cells and release of fluorescence. Additionally, the conditioned medium of A549NED and 5-HT considerably decreased the viability and proliferation of the Jurkat cells after 24 h. Thus, our study successfully generated a neuroendocrine phenotype from the A549 cell line. In co-cultures with CTLs, the pattern of secretion by A549NED impaired the proliferation and cytotoxic activity of CTLs, which might be partly explained by the increased release of 5-HT.
Hoy en día, en la educación, la tecnología de realidad aumentada es una herramienta con gran potencial debido a que permite a los docentes y al alumnado (hombres y mujeres) abordar de una manera más dinámica el tema de estudio, de tal forma que el objetivo de la presente investigación abarca el diagnóstico de la comprensión y uso de la realidad aumentada en una muestra de la población institucional de la Escuela de Bachilleres de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Los resultados sugieren que se tiene un mínimo conocimiento respecto a la implementación y gestión de esta tecnología como parte de las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje, motivo por el cual esta herramienta, actualmente, tiene un escaso uso en el proceso de enseñanza. Con respecto a lo anterior, se propone la creación de entornos de aprendizaje que integren la realidad aumentada para así aspirar a aumentar la comprensión de los temas de estudio.
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