Reports about acquired resistance to colistin in different bacteria species are increasing, including E. coli of animal origin, but reports of resistance in wild S. enterica of different serotypes from swine are not found in the literature. Results obtained with one hundred and twenty-six E. coli strains from diseased swine and one hundred and twenty-four S. enterica strains from diseased and carrier swine showed a frequency of 6.3% and 21% of colistin-resistant strains, respectively. When comparing the disk diffusion test with the agar dilution test to evaluate the strains, it was confirmed that the disk diffusion test is not recommended to evaluate colistin resistance as described previously. The colistin MIC 90 and MIC 50 values obtained to E. coli were 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, the MIC 90 and MIC 50 to S. enterica were 1 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL. Considering the importance of colistin in control of nosocomial human infections with Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, and the large use of this drug in animal production, the colistin resistance prevalence in enterobacteriaceae of animal origin must be monitored more closely.

BackgroundInfluenza A viruses circulating in pigs in Brazil are still not characterized, and only limited data are available about swine influenza epidemiology in the country. Therefore, we characterized the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza viruses isolated from Brazilian pigs. We also evaluated one case of probable swine‐to‐human transmission.MethodsTwenty influenza viruses isolated from pigs during 2009–2010 in five Brazilian states (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, and Mato Grosso) were used. One human isolate, from a technician who became ill after visiting a swineherd going through a respiratory disease outbreak, was also used in the study. Phylogenetic analysis for the HA and NA genes and hemagglutinin amino acid sequence alignment were performed.ResultsAll isolates clustered with pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) viruses and appeared to have a common ancestor. Genetic diversity was higher in the HA than in the NA gene, and the amino acid substitution S203T in one of HA's antigenic sites was found in most of the samples. The human isolate was more related to swine isolates from the same herd visited by the technician than to other human isolates, suggesting swine‐to‐human transmission.ConclusionOur results show that pH1N1 was disseminated and the predominant subtype in Brazilian pigs in 2009–2010.

A total of 110 strains of Streptococcus suis, isolated from diseased pigs in Brazil were serotyped and analyzed for virulence. Serotyping of the strains resulted in the following classification: 42 strains of serotype 2 (38.2%), 10 strains of serotype 14 (9.1%), seven strains of serotype 9 (6.4%), three strains each of serotype 7 and 11 (2.7%), two strains each of serotype 1 and 8 (1.8%) and one strain each of serotypes 1/2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 (0.9%). Cross reactions among serotypes 1, 14 and 7 were observed in 21 strains (19.1%). Only 41.9% of the strains were lethal for mice using the pathogenicity test.

No abstract

The production of large quantities of paint sludge is a serious environmental problem. This work evaluates the use of pyrolysis reaction as a process for deactivating paint sludge that generates a combustible gas phase, a solvent liquid phase and an inert solid phase. These wastes were classified into three types: water-based solvent (latex resin) and solvents based on their resins (alkyd and polyurethane). An electrically heated stainless steel batch reactor with a capacity of 579 mL and a maximum pressure of 30 atm was used. Following the reactor, a flash separator, which was operated at atmospheric pressure, partially condensed and separated liquid and gas products. Pressure and temperature were monitored on-line by a control and data acquisition system, which adjusted the heating power supplied to the pyrolysis reactor. Reactions followed an experimental design with two factors (reaction time and temperature) and three levels (10, 50 and 90 minutes; 450, 550 and 650°C). The response variables were liquid and solid masses and net heat of combustion. The optimal operational range for the pyrolysis process was obtained for each response variable. A significant reduction in total mass of solid waste was obtained

(IAV) is a respiratory pathogen of pigs and is associated with the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), along with other respiratory infectious agents. The aim of this study was to diagnose and to perform a clinic-pathological characterization of influenza virus infection in Brazilian pigs. Lung samples from 86 pigs in 37 farrow-to--finish and two farrow-to-feeder operations located in the States of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Mato Grosso were studied. Virus detection was performed by virus isolation and quantitative real time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Pathologic examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed in 60 lung formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue fragments. Affected animals showed coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, hyperthermia, inactivity, apathy, anorexia, weight loss and growth delay, which lasted for five to 10 days. Influenza virus was isolated from 31 (36.0%) lung samples and 36 (41.9%) were positive for qRT-PCR. Thirty-eight (63.3%) lung samples were positive by IHC and the most frequent microscopic lesion observed was inflammatory infiltrate in the alveoli, bronchiole, or bronchi wall or lumen (76.7%). These results indicate that influenza virus is circulating and causing disease in pigs in several Brazilian states. do pulmonar de 86 suínos de 37 granjas de ciclo completo e duas unidades produtoras de leitões localizadas em Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Mato Grosso. A detecção viral em fragmentos pulmonares frescos foi realizada através do isolamento viral e da transcrição reversa-PCR em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR). Exame patológico e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) foram realizados em 60 amostras de pulmão fixadas em formalina 10% e embebidas em parafina. As amostras eram de animais apresentando tosse, espirros, secreção nasal, hipertermia, prostração, apatia, anorexia, perda de peso e ganho de peso reduzido, com duração entre cinco e 10 dias. O vírus influenza foi isolado de 31 (36,0%) amostras e 36 (41,9%) foram positivas na qRT-PCR. Na IHQ, 38 (63,3%) amostras foram positivas e a lesão mais frequentemente observada foi a presença de infiltrado inflamatório na parede e lúmen de vias aéreas (76,7%

RESUMOEste artigo busca evidenciar empiricamente que o Estado de Minas Gerais passou por importantes mudanças estruturais e modernizadoras entre 1940 e 2010, as quais foram capazes de mudar seu perfil produtivo e alterar o padrão distributivo da população. Para tanto, dados sobre população e produção referentes aos dois anos elencados foram analisados tendo em vista a comparação do seu comportamento nos municípios de maior relevância urbana nos seus respectivos anos de referência, ou seja, centralidades dinâmicas e altamente produtivas na configuração da rede urbana mineira, denominados aqui como "municípios-destaque", em relação aos demais municípios mineiros. Verificou-se que a Minas Gerais de 1940, de economia predominantemente rural e população desconcentrada, tornou-se outra em 2010, de forte economia urbanoindustrial, com maior concentração demográfica nas médias e grandes cidades. Palavras-chave:Modernização, Reestruturação, Território, Minas Gerais.

For a period of four years a f e r acceptance of all items tu be delivered under this contract, the Goverrirrier~t agrees to use these data for Government purposes only. and they shall not be disclosed outside tlie Governtnerit (including disclosure for procurernent purposes) during srtrli period witiiout permission of the Contractor, e-rcept that, subject to the foregoing use and disclosure proltibifions, srtcli data may be disclosed for use by sirpport contractors. Afer the aforesaid 4-year period, tlw Governrnent has a royalty-free license to use, and to autliori:e others to use on its beha& these data for Governrnent purposes, but is relieved of all disclosure proliibitioris and assurnes no liability for unarttliorized use of these data by third parties. This Notice shall be affied to ariy reproductions of tliese data, in whole or in part. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe objective of this project was to develop a membrane process to separate olefins from paraffins in waste gas streams as an alternative to flaring or distillation. Flaring these streams wastes their chemical feedstock value; distillation is energy and capital cost intensive, particularly for small waste streams.We have discovered novel, robust, plasticization-resistant perfluoropolymer membranes that selectively permeate the olefin component of olefidparaffin gas mixtures. These membranes are made from perfluoropolymers such as Hyflon@ AD (Solvay Solexis, Thorofare, NJ), the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole, and CytopTM (Asahi Glass, Japan), poly(perfluorobuteny1 vinyl ether). The configuration of these membranes was optimized and the membranes were successfully scaled up in our commercial casting machine. Defect-free threeand four-inch spiral-wound modules were prepared. Membrane performance was evaluated in bench-scale membrane stamp and membrane module tests. These parametric tests showed that the optimized membranes had consistently good laboratory performance at commercially relevant operating conditions. In contrast, membranes made from other materials did not perform well under these conditions. Perfluoropolymer membrane modules were evaluated at three plants. The first field test was performed at a Chevron Phillips slurry reactor polypropylene plant in Pasadena, TX. The membrane system recovered propylene from a reactor purge stream that containedpropane and other inerts. The second and third field tests, performed at Equistar ethylene crackers in Channelview, TX and Chocolate Bayou, TX, separated propylene from propane upstream of a C,-splitter. The results obtained in the first two field tests were used to optimize the configuration of the membrane. An optimized Cytop-based membrane was used in the third field test. This membrane maintained a propylene/propane selectivity of 3 during 12 weeks of operation, but selectivity dropped to 2 in the last two weeks of the field test.Our economic analysis showed that membranes with a propylene/propane selectivity of at least 3 and propylene pressure-norm...