SUMMARY A 4-month-old infant with cyanosis but without other abnormal cardiac findings is presented in whom the diagnosis of anomalous systemic venous connection to the left atrium was made by contrast echocardiography. The diagnosis was later confirmed by cardiac catheterisation and selective cineangiography. When saline was injected into a vein on the dorsum ofeach hand while echocardiographically recording the cardiac structures, the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta were opacified without visualisation of the right ventricle. Similar study with injection into the right foot produced opacification of the right ventricle without visualisation of the left-sided structures. These data suggested normal drainage of the inferior vena cava with anomalous connection of the superior vena cava to the left atrium.A review of the previously reported cases of anomalous connection of the right superior vena cava to the left atrium is presented together with the possible embryological origin of this anomaly.Since the original description of Gramiak and Shah,' contrast echocardiography has been used to validate echocardiographic identification of cardiovascular structures,2 3 to detect left-to-right or right-to-left shunts4-9 or valvar regurgitation,4 5 and to diagnose a variety of congenital heart defects.4 5 9-12 We have used this technique with peripheral vein saline injection6 9 to diagnose a unique case of systemic venous connection to the left atrium which was later confirmed by cardiac catheterisation and selective cineangiography. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the usefulness of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of anomalous systemic venous connection to the left atrium and to present the details of this rare anomaly. Review of the previously reported cases of this anomaly and a hypothesis of its embryological development will also be presented. Case reportA 4-month-old asymptomatic female infant, the product of a full-term normal pregnancy, labour, and delivery, was found to have moderate cyanosis by the paediatrician. After confirming low arterial P02 (31 torr in room air) the infant was referred for further evaluation. Physical examination was completely normal with the exception of moderate central cyanosis. The electrocardiogram was normal. Chest x-ray films showed a prominent thymic shadow and questionable mildly decreased pulmonary vascular markings. Her haemoglobin was 13-6 g/ 100 ml and haematocrit 41 per cent. M-mode echocardiogram was interpreted as normal. Right radial artery P02 was 32 torr in FI02 of 0-21 and the acid base status was normal. These remained unchanged in FI02 of 1-0 for 15 minutes. and aortic root (with the left atrium behind it and right ventricular outflow tract in front of it) were successively made while injecting 1-0 to 1-5 ml normal saline through 25 gauge scalp vein needles inserted into veins of the right and left hands and right foot. These contrast echocardiograms were performed in duplicate. With injection into either hand, the left atrium and aorta w...
Ventricular ejection fractions, calculated from radionuclide studies, and inulin clearance, were determined in 33 infants and children immediately after surgical repair of their congenital or rheumatic heart defects. Of these children, the seven whose surgery did not require a period of ischemic arrest served as controls. The immediate postoperative ejection fractions in the 26 children who did undergo a period of ischemic arrest were significantly less than their preoperative values (P less than or equal to 0.001), but this decline was not observed in the control group. Ejection fraction tended to be depressed, transiently, in children 3-5 h after open-heart surgery. Early postoperative ejection fraction was significantly related to aortic cross-clamp time even when controlling for preoperative ejection fraction (r = 0.74, n = 25, P less than or equal to 0.001). Some striking declines in ejection fraction were observed among children whose aortic cross-clamp time exceeded 42 min. The decline in ejection fraction was transient; late postoperative (greater than 1 week) ejection fraction was not significantly different from preoperative values. Though glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) were often above normal, they were significantly correlated with ejection fraction (r = 0.74, n = 19, P less than or equal to 0.01). The lower GFRs were associated with the lower early postoperative ejection fractions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.