The predictions of models of strong Langmuir turbulence (SLT) are compared with recent space- and time-resolved radar observations of the power spectra of turbulence induced in the ionosphere by powerful high-frequency (HF) waves. Distinct signatures of caviton dynamics, not predicted by the weak turbulence approximation, are seen in the observations. An improved model of the low-frequency fluctuations for equal electron and ion temperatures is presented as well as a discussion of density profile modification by the induced turbulence.
The study demonstrated the GMR to be a good predictor of mortality in injured patients. Patients at risk of dying can best be identified by separating patients into those who cannot follow simple commands (GMR 1-5) from all others. This rapid and simple assessment could be useful as a prehospital tool to identify patients at risk of dying. First responders and nonmedical personnel not skilled in the use of the Trauma Score can easily determine if victims are able to follow commands and potentially identify the patients who are likely to require urgent trauma center care.
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