Zarys treści: W pracy podjęto próbę rekonstrukcji pierwotnych warunków środowiskowych, tj sprzed okresu budowy grodu i miasta, a głównie hydrologicznych i hipsometrycznych warunków, oraz określono, jak wpłynęły one na pierwotny układ miasta oraz jak zmieniały się w okresie późniejszym Najstarsze osadnictwo w Poznaniu na Ostrowie Tumskim rozwijało się na terasie zalewowej Analiza archeologicznych i geologicznych materiałów z obszaru Poznania dostarczyła informacji o miąższości utworów nasypowych Pozwoliło to następnie zrekonstruować przedosadniczą powierzchnię terenu, dawne stosunki wodne i wilgotnościowe i szybkość narastania różnego typu warstw akumulowanych w obrębie obszaru miejskiego Analiza najstarszych map Poznania umożliwiła rekonstrukcję sieci hydrograficznej w dolinie Warty i jej zmiany Z kolei analizy tekstów źródłowych z XII-XVII w pozwoliły na odtworzenie zmian rzeźby terenu przyległego do Ostrowa Tumskiego i lokalizację kilku ostańców wyższych poziomów terasowych w dolinie Warty Dominacja prac odwodnieniowych w obrębie miasta w ostatnich dwóch wiekach, likwidacja terenów podmokłych i licznych odnóg Warty spowodowały, że Poznań stał się przesuszony, a więc zupełnie inny niż w średniowieczu Słowa kluczowe: zmiany środowiskowe, obszar miejski, antropopresja Abstract: In this work an attempt was made to reconstruct the initial environmental conditions within the city i e prior to its foundation, as well as the hydrological and hypsometric conditions and determine how they affected the origin and later development of the city The oldest settlement in Poznań in Ostrów Tumski developed on the flood plain Analysis of the oldest maps of Poznań helps the reconstruction the hydrographic pattern in Warta valley and its changes Analysis of archeological and geological materials from the Poznań area provided information on the thickness of deposits which helped reconstruct the pre-settlement surface, old water relations and the speed whit which layers accumulated over centuries Analysis of source texts from the 12 th -17 th centuries helped reconstruct changes in the relief of the terrain adjacent Ostrów Tumski and determine a few island mountains of the higher terrace levels in the Warta valley The dominance of drainage works in the city area in last two centuries, liquidation of wet areas and river pattern made the city terrain very dery -completely different than in the Middle Ages
The subjects of the study were two high-mountain lakes, Morskie Oko and Czarny Staw pod Rysami, in the Tatra range of the Carpathian Mountains located within the protected area of the Tatra National Park. This paper presents results of the analytical study of the lake water composition and compares this with relevant data from earlier years. The impact of the following factors was distinguished and discussed: atmospheric deposition (dry and wet), migration of pollutants with runoff water supplying both reservoirs, tourism (hiking, climbing), and the influence of mountain hostels. The resistance and sensitivity of the lakes to human impact is described in terms of water quality changes and characteristics of the catchments and the region.
From the mid-13th century onwards, water provided energy to water mills located in the catchment of Obra Skwierzyńska. they did not only mill grain but also produced groats, malt, fulled cloth, tanned skin, cut wood, ground metal and produced paper. their considerable growth in number in this area was observed at the end of the 14th century as a result of the Polish-lithuanian Union. this area found itself on the main trade routes. During the period from the 13th to 19th century, water mills had a significant influence on the formation of the hydrological system of the catchment area. their building and functioning was connected with the formation of mill-pond trough, dams, building weirs and mill ditches as well as bypass channels. the river network adaptation for the abovementioned purposes also includes: river mining, river bed cleaning, river banks strengthening with timber piles and boards, changes in the amount of water in watercourses. water from lakes, springs and other water races was guided to watercourses on which several water-mills were built. water mills were built in meadows or wetlands , trough-out canals and trenches gathering water in millponds were dug out. this kind of permanent dewatering of wet areas and changing them into meadows and pastures; also, water energy utilization for production influenced the evolution of society, forced it to optimize the utilization of surface water resources.
abstract. This article seeks to assess the reliability of the hydrographic type of environmental features depicted in old cartographic records up to the end of the 18 th century.
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