Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) breeding programmes in Ecuador have focused on obtaining high-yield clones with improved disease resistance. Cacao clones should also have photosynthetic characteristics which support increased productivity. Regarding the weather conditions at the coast of Ecuador, where most of the year there are overcasts and low air evaporative demand, there is the possibility to grow cacao without overhead shade. This study focused on the photosynthetic response at two different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of Ecuadorian cacao clones. Seven-year old cacao clones were evaluated: eight clones of Nacional type and two commercial clones (CCN 51 and EET 103), used as controls. All clones showed an increase of 35 % on average in net photosynthetic rate (A) with increasing PPFD from the light saturation point for cacao (i.e. 400 µmol m -2 s ). Such light responsiveness in A has not been reported before. Higher A was associated with higher apparent electron transport rate, while high stomatal conductance was maintained under both PPFD conditions. Under high PPFD, low non-photochemical quenching values were found, suggesting low energy dissipation. All clones showed high maximum quantum yields of PSII (F v /F m ), suggesting the absence of damage of the photochemical system. Keywords: cacao yield, chlorophyll fluorescence, CO 2 assimilation rate, gas exchange. RESUMENLos programas de mejoramiento de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Ecuador se han centrado en la obtención de clones de alto rendimiento con mayor resistencia a las enfermedades. Estos clones también deben tener características fotosintéticas que apoyen una mayor productividad. En las condiciones climáticas en la costa de Ecuador, donde la mayor parte del año hay alta densidad de nubes y baja demanda evaporativa, existe la posibilidad de cultivar cacao sin sombra. Este estudio se centró en la respuesta fotosintética de clones de cacao del Ecuador en dos diferentes densidades de flujo de fotones fotosintéticos (PPFD). Se evaluaron diez clones de cacao de siete años de edad: ocho clones de tipo Nacional recientemente desarrollados por el Instituto Nacional de investigaciones Agropecuarias, y dos clones comerciales utilizados como controles (CCN 51 y EET 103). Todos los clones de cacao mostraron un aumento del 35 % en promedio en la tasa fotosintética neta (A) con el incremento del PPFD desde el punto de saturación de luz para el cacao (400 μmol m -2 s -1 ) hasta valores altos (1000 μmol m -2 s -1 ). Dicha respuesta de A a estas condiciones de luz alta no se ha
The native Theobroma cacao L. population from Ecuador, known as Nacional, is famous for its fine cocoa flavour. From the beginning of the twentieth century, however, it has been subjected to genetic erosion due principally to successive introductions of foreign germplasm whose hybrid descendants gradually replaced the native plantations, implying a decrease in cocoa quality. We attempted to trace this native cacao within a wide pool of modern Ecuadorian cacao population. Three hundred and twenty-two cacao accessions collected from different geographical areas along the pacific coast of Ecuador and maintained in two living collections were analysed using 40 simple-sequence repeat markers. Most of Ecuadorian cacao accessions displayed a high diversity and heterozygosity level. A factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) showed a continuous variation among them, with a few ones, grouped at an extreme side of the FAC cloud, showing higher levels of homozygosity and lower introgression level by foreign cacaos. A paternity analysis revealed that these highly homozygous individuals are the most probable ancestors of the modern Nacional hybrid pool. These particular accessions studied could represent the native Nacional cacao present in Ecuador before the foreign introductions. Their identification will help to conserve valuable genetic material and to improve cocoa quality in new cacao varieties.
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