Studying behavior in economics, sociology, and statistics often involves fitting models in which the response variable depends on a dummy variable-also known as a regime-switch variable-or in which the response variable is observed only if a particular selection condition is met. In either case, standard regression techniques deliver inconsistent estimators if unobserved factors that affect the response are correlated with unobserved factors that affect the switching or selection variable. Consistent estimators can be obtained by maximum likelihood estimation of a joint model of the outcome and switching or selection variable. This article describes a "wrapper" program, ssm, that calls gllamm (Rabe-Hesketh, Skrondal, and Pickles, GLLAMM Manual [University of California-Berkeley, Division of Biostatistics, Working Paper Series, Paper No. 160]) to fit such models. The wrapper accepts data in a simple structure, has a straightforward syntax, and reports output that is easily interpretable. One important feature of ssm is that the log likelihood can be evaluated using adaptive quadrature (
In the sample studied, the majority of patients with breast cancer began treatment after a delay. Both patient delays and provider delays were associated with advanced disease. Research aimed at identifying specific access barriers to medical services is much needed to guide the design of tailored health policies that go beyond the promotion of breast care awareness and screening participation to include improvements in health services that facilitate access to timely diagnosis and treatment.
This study's findings suggest that policy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) should be directed toward reducing delays in diagnosis, before the implementation of mammography screening programs. The results suggest several factors susceptible to early diagnosis interventions. To reduce patient delays, the usually proposed intervention of awareness promotion could better work in LMIC contexts if the message goes beyond the advertising of screening mammography to encourage the recognition of potential cancer symptoms and sharing of symptoms with significant others. To reduce diagnosis delay, efforts should focus on strengthening the quality of public primary care services and improving referral routes to cancer care centers.
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes.You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. licence. www.econstor.eu If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated AbstractWe focus on the effect of English deficiency on the native-immigrant wage gap for employees in the UK using the first wave of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey (Understanding Society). We show that the wage gap is robust to controls for age, region of residence, educational attainment and ethnicity, particularly for men. However, English as Additional Language (EAL) is capable of explaining virtually all the remaining wage gap between natives and immigrants. Using the interaction of language of country of birth and age-at-arrival as instrument, we find strong evidence of a causal effect of EAL on the native-immigrant wage gap. raise the probability that an individual will self-select into the English proficient group. 3This causes a positive self-treatment. In addition, measurement error of the English proficiency variable causes yet another problem of endogeneity which induces a negative (attenuation) bias. Hence, the total endogeneity bias is a combination of the two aforementioned problems (see Dustmann and Fabbri 2003). We address the 'aggregate' endogeneity problem using an IV strategy, without making an attempt to disentangle the contribution of the two sources of bias. Following Chin (2004, 2010) and van Ours and Veenman (2006), we use language of the origin country as well as its interaction with age-at-arrival as instrumental variables for the subpopulation of immigrants. Our identification strategy effectively compares older and younger arrivers from non-English-speaking countries, after controlling for an age-at-arrival effect which is the same for all immigrants regardless of their native language. This identification strategy delivers a Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) that is straightforward to interpret for the subpopulation of (first-generation) immigrants affected by the instrument and offers a suitable and meaningful control group. Hence, this is an improvement to alternative identification strategies that have ...
This study documents the current state of conservation knowledge on threatened amphibian species in Peru. Following the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification system, we considered species in the following categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Near Threatened. Even though only the first three categories are regarded as threatened by IUCN, we included the fourth category to make comparisons with the list of threatened species issued by the Peruvian government. We used the Global Amphibian Assessment's database and the list issued in Peru for this comparison. We conducted separate field surveys in 17 regions of Peru to evaluate the presence/absence of threatened amphibian species and species that are potentially threatened. We also used the Declining Amphibian Database-DAPTF, to compare our results with previous assessments on population declines, and the World Wildlife Fund's Wildfinder database, to determine in which Neotropical ecoregion each species occurs. We compiled data on 83 species, 44 of which are recognized as threatened by the IUCN and/or the Peruvian government. The remaining 39 species should be re-assessed as they face various threats. A re-evaluation of current estimates is needed as only 8% of all species recorded in Peru are recognized as threatened by the government, whereas the global estimate of threatened species is about 32%. In addition to using IUCN criteria, this re-assessment should follow national guidelines standardized in Peru and be in accordance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Because the habitat of almost 40% of threatened species reported herein still remains unprotected, and data on chytridiomycosis and other threats are lacking for most taxa, it is crucial to develop strategies for habitat conservation and research on disease dynamics in natural populations. Keywords: amphibian conservation, population declines, Peru, protected areasTropical Conservation Science | ISSN 1940-0829 | tropicalconservationscience.org 376Mongabay.com Open Access Journal -Tropical Conservation Science Vol. 1(4):376-396, 2008Resumen Este estudio presenta información actualizada sobre conservación de especies amenazadas de anfibios en Perú. Consideramos las siguientes categorías según la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN): En Peligro Crítico, En Peligro, Vulnerable y Casi Amenazado. Sólo las tres primeras categorías son consideradas como amenazadas según UICN, sin embargo incluimos la cuarta categoría para hacer comparaciones con la lista de especies amenazadas emitida por el gobierno peruano. Usamos la base de datos de la Evaluación Global de Anfibios y la lista emitida en Perú para hacer esta comparación. Asimismo, hicimos evaluaciones de campo en 17 regiones de Perú para evaluar la presencia/ausencia de especies amenazadas y especies que podrían estar amenazadas. También comparamos nuestros resultados de campo con otras bases de datos. Comp...
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