Stressful life events brought on by the demands of academic and social life are possibly a factor engendering various negative emotional symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, in college students. Furthermore, failure to obtain positive feedback may possibly provoke self-criticism in them. These conditions, if not handled properly, will develop maladaptive behavior. Previous studies have found that negative emotional symptoms and self-criticism correlate with self-injury. However, these studies did not explain the impact of variables on self-injury. This study aims to find out how the impact of negative emotional symptoms and selfcriticism acts on the urge to self-injure. It was a cross-sectional study populated by 118 college students with the following criteria: aged 18-30 years old, having engaged in self-injury at least once in the past year, having undiagnosed clinical disorders, and not currently undergoing psychotherapy. The result revealed that negative emotional symptoms and self-criticism, as predictors, had a strong correlation (r = 0.744, p = 0.000). Furthermore, both predictors had a moderate correlation with the urge to self-injury (r > 0.400, p = 0.000) and simultaneously impacted on the urge to self-injure by 32 percent (R = 0.564, R 2 = 0.318, Std = 5.209, p = 0.000). According to these results, negative emotional symptoms and selfcriticism tendencies were significant factors that contributed to psychological vulnerability in college students. The higher the level of negative emotional symptoms and self-criticism, the higher the urge to self-injure in college students. These findings supported the idea that self-injury is an emotional coping mechanism to release psychological distress. Self-injury is a student's attempt to escape from the pain due to unbearable psychological stress. The high contribution of these variables makes them an issue that must be considered in interventions to deal with self-injury.
Depression and alcohol abuse are interrelated disorders. Many people use alcohol to suppress their negative emotions and feel better in stressful situation. However, alcohol abuse has negative impacts that can lead to alcohol dependence and health problems. The current study was a single-case study with repeated measurements (n=1) in which intervention used couseling methods adapted concepts of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), including being present, acceptance, and commitment. The intervention was conducted infour sessions. The study examined the effectiveness of the intervention in a client who had reported various depression symptoms along with alcohol abuse as a means to suppress negative emotions. The participant was B, a 20-year-old woman, with a history of bulimia and alcohol abuse who came to the counseling center with complaints of stress and feelings of prolonged sadness. The results of the intervention included a decrease of depression symptoms as reflected in ad reduction of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) measurements from 25 to eight and ad decrease of self-reported alcohol consumption from eight to zero times per month. Mindfulness breathing helped her to cope with perceived negative emotion. Counseling technique helped B to understand herself and her primary emotions. Moreover, observation tasks given as homework helped B to be more clearly aware of her emotions, thoughts, and situation. These conditions helped B to enhance her mood and re-engage in daily activities, which was followed by a desire to take action in improving her interpersonal relationships, particularly with her parents. Her success in dealing with her negative emotions and improving her interpersonal relationships reduced B's use of alcohol consumption as emotional coping. Nevertheless, difficulties with decision-making that were reported in a follow-up session should be the focus of future interventions.
The Rorschach test is one of the psychological tests widely used in various assessment settings, including in studies related to sexual offenses. However, such research is scarce, although the level of sexual violence in Indonesia increases yearly. Sexual violence is often associated with the sexual drives that humans have in themselves. In this case, Rorschach can provide an overview of the individual's drives, ideas, and social relationships. The current study aims to find the personality profiles of sex offenders. Therefore, this study collected Rorschach data from 46 male sex offenders over 11 years in Depok City, Indonesia. Based on content analysis, this study found several prominent characteristics of sex offenders, such as exhibited difficulties in adaptation due to low intellectual capacity, poor emotional regulation, and empathy that other causes difficulty to build strong relationships with others. They also suppress sexual urges, but they were more likely to express it impulsively with low intellectual capacity and emotional regulation. These various personality characteristics possessed by sex offenders will undoubtedly impact the intervention process they go through to gain insight from their experience. The results are expected to be an input for developing interventions for sex offenders not to repeat their actions in the future.
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